WMJ 03 2014

COUNTRY
• World Health Assembly Week
• WMA members
vol. 60
MedicalWorld
Journal
Official Journal of the World Medical Association, INC
G20438
Nr. 3, September 2014
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World Medical Association Officers, Chairpersons and Officials
Official Journal of the World Medical Association
Opinions expressed in this journal – especially those in authored contributions – do not necessarily reflect WMA policy or positions
www.wma.net
81
After 50 years of the World Medical Jour-
nal, we have come to a point where a major
change must be made: We are going virtual.
For those who love a tangible paper prod-
uct to hold in your hand, scribble notes in
the margins, and file on your bookshelves,
this is a sad departure from an old tradi-
tion. At the same time, we must acknowl-
edge that an attractive on-line journal can
reach more people than our printed journal
ever could. New media consumers expect
interactive formats with graphics and vid-
eos, and better searchability will facilitate
more targeted and versatile communica-
tions with our members, as well as with
other interested persons and institutions.
We will take this departure as a step for-
ward, as an opportunity to reach out and
create a greater impact.
The recent Ebola outbreak in West-Africa is
likewise a signal to change: The health and
health care situation in many if not most
of the poor countries in Africa is no longer
an acceptable situation for this world. The
crisis response  – our own and that of the
global community  – has been poor if not
negligent. The countries affected have not
invested enough in their health care systems
and the international community has done
what does best: actively looking away until
the problem far away became a threat to the
whole world. Meanwhile, the rich countries
continue their devastating trend of brain
drain from the poor countries of this world.
We must develop adequate response mech-
anisms to counteract such outbreaks, to
contain the spread of these diseases, to care
for the infected, to maintain acceptable liv-
ing conditions in the affected regions dur-
ing such crisis.But we also have to put more
pressure on world leaders and national poli-
ticians to address our contribution to the
underlying social causes of these disasters:
our unequal sharing of resources, our exclu-
sive trade policies, and our arms deals that
fuel conflicts in the poor parts of this world.
The leaders within these countries will have
to address the corruption and the abuse
of foreign aid funding, and foster internal
commitment to investment in health and
health care. Ebola is only one time bomb
that is ticking. Simply hoping that all this
resolves itself alone is not a solution.
In Ukraine, we experience a conflict be-
tween two nations, which, until very recent-
ly in history, we barely discerned as separate
nations. In a time of a common European
Market, the conflict in Ukraine – without
judging who may be right or wrong – strikes
us as a wholly unacceptable way of coexist-
ing on this planet. And in other parts of
this world, more and more radical groups
show blatant disrespect the most basic rules
of human behaviour, not to mention re-
spect for those who care for the ill and the
wounded.
Twenty-five years ago, we believed the gaps
were beginning to close and our global
problems seemed to be lessening. But that
was a mistake. There is no doubt that our
intensive international cooperation as pro-
fessionals, dedicated to caring, to healing
and to relieving suffering, is more necessary
than ever.This, in itself, is reason enough to
intensify our efforts for cross-boarder col-
laboration and common standard setting.
Our World Medical Journal is just one tool
we can use in this most important under-
taking.
Otmar Kloiber
Editorial
50 Years and Beyond
82
WMA News
The sixty-seventh session of the World
Health Assembly (WHA) took place in
Geneva from 19–24 May. It was attended
by many representatives from the World
Medical Association and National Medi-
cal Associations who spoke at scores of side
events and other conferences during the
week. Dr. Margaret Mungherera, President
of the WMA, and Dr. Mukesh Haikerwal,
Chair, addressed a number of meetings. As
usual, it was often the informal discussions
between events that proved to be the most
useful. A résumé of some of the formal
events follows.
World Health Professions
Regulation Conference
On May 17 and 18, the weekend before
the WHA opened, the World Health Pro-
fessions Alliance held another successful
conference on regulation at the Crown
Plaza Hotel, Geneva.This followed similar
events held in 2008 and 2010. The main
objectives of the conference were to evalu-
ate the challenges facing health profes-
sional regulation and to identify and pro-
mote best practices.
A succession of keynote speakers and pan-
ellists from around the world addressed
the conference of senior physicians, nurses,
dentists, physical therapists and pharma-
cists from more than 45 countries. Among
them were Dr. Mungherera and Annabel
Seebohm, legal advisor to the WMA.
Dr. Mungherera spoke about the key chal-
lenges and experiences of health practi-
tioner regulation in Africa, and evolving
scopes of practice and inter-professional
collaboration. She said that the challenges
in Africa included the perception of gov-
ernments about professional autonomy,
clinical independence and self-regulation
of the health professions. Strategies to ad-
dress these challenges included establishing
an enabling legal framework, creating struc-
tures that ensured efficient decentralised
functions supported by sufficient resources,
and continued efforts to ensure all health
professionals had an in-depth understand-
ing of their ethical obligations and their
rights to professional autonomy and clinical
independence.
Dr. Mungherera said that evolving scopes
of practice of health professionals and in-
ter-professional collaboration in African
countries also created regulatory challeng-
es. Strengthening health systems was one
means of achieving universal health care.
Efforts to improve health human resourc-
es in African countries were increasingly
targeted at the primary health care level.
She spoke about the provision of effective
health care across primary health care, in-
cluding in situations of armed conflict. She
also referred to migration within the Afri-
can continent and especially across borders
which created a huge challenge for regula-
tion. However this could be addressed, at
least in part, by regional collaboration. She
added that many other regulatory related
challenges needed to be addressed to ensure
a sustainable and effective health system
in Africa, such as the selection of students
into health training schools, curriculum is-
sues especially around the teaching of clini-
cal ethics and ensuring health profession-
als remained competent through access to
CPD – especially for health professionals in
remote and rural areas.
Annabel Seebohm spoke about the impact
of standardisation initiatives in Europe
and the global lessons for health profes-
sional regulation and the challenges facing
health professional regulation. She said
that current initiatives by the European
Union affected health professional regula-
tion in several ways and flowed from the
European Union mandates in health care
and the internal market. European Union
competencies were based on the Treaty of
Lisbon. After then, the European Union
action respected the responsibilities of
Member States for the definition of their
health policy and for the organization
and delivery of health services and health
care. The exercise of the health profes-
sions, along with all the rules and regula-
tions which applied to their activities af-
fected the organization of health services
and health care and was therefore Member
States’ responsibility. Nevertheless, specific
examples showed that health professional
regulation was and would be highly influ-
enced by European Union initiatives.
Following the conference, leaders of the
main health professions issued a press re-
lease urging their members to pay more at-
tention to regulation issues and implement
the right systems in order to act in the pub-
lic interest.
They concluded that in the face of the
many challenges facing health professions
and their patients globally – changing de-
Geneva Report for WMJ
World Health Assembly Week
Nigel Duncan
83
WMA News
mography, increased expectations of health
services, more mobile professionals – there
is a greater need than ever for regulation
systems that ensure quality of service and
protect the public.
They said that participants at the conference
agreed that different systems of regulation
suited different national environments, but
whatever the model, regulation was a re-
sponsibility and a public duty,not an option.
Regulation systems should be underpinned
by accountability and responsiveness and
should observe principles such as checks
and balances between stakeholders, and
patients and professionals being aware of
rights and duties.
There was agreement between WHPA
members (the International Council of
Nurses, the International Pharmaceutical
Federation, the World Confederation for
Physical Therapy, the World Dental Feder-
ation and the World Medical Association)
that the goals of health professional regu-
lation should be person-centred, involving
patient care, patient rights and patient safe-
ty. They should also take into account so-
cial and economic welfare and professional
practice.
‘Regulation has started to feature more
prominently in many policy debates,’ said
Judith Shamian, President of the Interna-
tional Council of Nurses. “The problem is
that in most countries far too few people
understand the advantages and disadvan-
tages of different regulatory systems.’
Michel Buchmann, President of the Inter-
national Pharmaceutical Federation, said:
‘A regulation model that takes into account
inter-professional collaborative practice
is most likely to be effective. There now
needs to be a sustained political commit-
ment to effective regulation by both deci-
sion makers and professionals. Profession-
als themselves, who can be guarantors of
compliance, have a leadership role to play
in regulation.’
Marilyn Moffat, President of the World
Confederation for Physical Therapy said:
“It is clear that there is no single model for
a good regulatory system, but all should
ensure that physical therapists and other
health professionals provide safe and com-
petent care/services. Regulatory bodies also
need to understand the day-to-day realities
of the health professions they are seeking to
regulate.”
Margaret Mungherera, President of the
World Medical Association said: ‘There are
significant challenges and obstacles in many
parts of the world, such as Africa, where
there is a negative perception of govern-
ments about professional autonomy, clini-
cal independence and self-regulation. This
needs to change’.
Tin Chun Wong, President of the World
Dental Federation said: ‘We expect the
health professions as well as the pub-
lic to play a major role whenever profes-
sional regulation is under discussion. The
WHPA will continue to promote learning
and information-sharing on this important
subject.’
Meanwhile the WMA’s Junior Doctors
Network was holding its own meeting to
discuss their response to the various issues
being raised during the World Health As-
sembly week. The issue of medical educa-
tion was high on their agenda of topics that
were discussed.
World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly opened on the
Monday and WHO Director General Dr.
Margaret Chan addressed the gathering of
representatives from all over the world.
She spoke about the international spread
of polio virus and the fact that at the end
of 2013, 60 per cent of polio cases resulted
from international spread, with strong evi-
dence that adult travellers were playing a
role. She said the causes of this could be
found in armed conflicts, civil unrest, mi-
grant populations, weak border controls,
poor routine immunization coverage, bans
on vaccination by militant groups and the
targeted killing of polio workers. These fac-
tors were largely beyond the control of the
health sector.
She referred to the disruptive effects of
rising inequality and economic exclusion
on social cohesion and stability, about the
warnings on climate change and the health
effects of air pollution.
She said there was no good evidence that
the prevalence of obesity and diet-related
non-communicable diseases was receding
anywhere. Highly processed foods and bev-
erages loaded with sugar were ubiquitous,
convenient, and cheap. She expressed her
deep concern at the increasing prevalence
of childhood obesity in every region of the
world, with the increase fastest in low and
middle-income countries. And she said
she had established a high-level Commis-
sion on Ending Childhood Obesity. What
she expected from the Commission was a
state-of-the-art consensus report on which
specific interventions, and which combina-
tions, were likely to be most effective in dif-
ferent contexts around the world. She had
asked the Commission to deliver its report
to her in early 2015 so that she could convey
its recommendations to next year’s Health
Assembly.
World Health Professions
Alliance Reception
On Monday, the WHPA held its annual
luncheon reception at the InterContinen-
tal Hotel on the theme of ‘Health Care in
Danger’.
Dr.Mungherera welcomed the guests with a
brief introduction. She made the point that
in areas of conflict where health care was at-
tacked, it was largely local health personnel
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WMA News
and facilities that were worst affected. She
said that health ministers around the world
should be informed about this situation so
that they could become involved. In addi-
tion, ministers needed the support of all
stakeholders. Finally, it was important to
put in place indicators to measure and mon-
itor all incidents and the measures taken.
The keynote speaker at the event was Ms
Christine Beerli, Vice President of the In-
ternational Committee of the Red Cross.
She said the ICRC had documented 1,809
incidents of assaults or threats against pa-
tients, health care personnel, ambulances
and health care facilities between January
2012 and December 2013. Yet this repre-
sented only the tip of the iceberg.The statis-
tics were that 168 health care personnel had
been killed, 267 had been injured, 564 kid-
napped or arrested and 212 threatened. The
number of patients killed or wounded to-
talled 545 and 410 healthcare facilities had
been attacked or looted. In addition 351
ambulances had been attacked, robbed or
delayed.
Ms. Beerli said this was unacceptable and
showed the urgency of protecting the medi-
cal missions. Local health care providers ac-
counted for 91 per cent of the documented
incidents. The perpetrators included state
armed forces, such as the military and po-
lice and armed non-state actors. However
the ICRC ‘Health Care in Danger’ project,
launched in 2011, was on track, first to im-
prove the safety, quality and timeliness of
medical services in armed conflict and also
to engage the various stakeholders in find-
ing and promoting practical solutions to
protect health care. A broad community of
concern was being built.
But she said more needed to be done, and
she mentioned several specific require-
ments. Health ministers had to be brought
on board because they had an essential role
to play and they needed the support of all
stakeholders, such as national medical as-
sociations, nursing associations and oth-
ers. And finally indicators to measure and
monitor the effects of incidents had to be
put in place.
WMA/IFMSA Seminar
On the Tuesday the annual WMA lunch-
time seminar was held at the Chateau de
Penthes on the topic of ‘Doctors Fighting
Violence against Women and Girls’. The
event was jointly organised with the Inter-
national Federation of Medical Students’
Associations and with the support of the
Norwegian Agency for Development Co-
operation and the Ministry of Health and
Welfare of Taiwan.
The first guest speaker was Taiwan’s Health
Minister Chiu Wen-ta, who told the gath-
ering about his country’s efforts to prevent
violence against women. He said that Tai-
wan had made huge efforts to prevent vio-
lence targeting women, including passing
several acts to regulate and prevent violent
crimes targeting women, such as the Do-
mestic Violence Prevention Act of 1998
and the Sexual Harassment Prevention
Act of 2005. Taiwan was the first country
in Asia to implement the Sexual Assault
Crime Prevention Act in 1997.
He said that Taiwan was dedicated to the
cause of gender mainstreaming and had
had gender mainstreaming policies since
2003. These had focused on assessing the
different implications for women and men
in legislation and government programs.
In addition, Taiwan had signed the Con-
vention on Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women of the
United Nations in 2007, and an enforce-
ment act was passed by the Legislature in
2011 to implement the international codes
for protecting women’s rights passed the
enforcement rules.
He said that Taiwan’s efforts had paid off,
citing figures showing 18 percent of women
last year suffered violence at the hands of
an intimate partner, lower than the world
average of 30 percent estimated by the
World Health Organization. The Ministry
of Health had launched a program with
24-hour hotlines, counselling, emergency
assistance, and events to raise community
awareness of the issue. And according to
ministry statistics, in 2013 alone, the pro-
gram provided 990,000 consultations for
domestic violence victims and 180,000 con-
sultations for sexual assault victim
The second keynote speaker was Professor
Sir Michael Marmot,Director of University
College London Institute of Health Equi-
ty, and chair of the World Medical Asso-
ciation’s Socio-Medical Affairs Committee.
He outlined the extent of domestic violence
around the world. It was a global public
health concern with one in three women
throughout the world experiencing physical
and/or sexual violence by a partner or sexual
violence by a non partner.In many countries
married women believed a husband was jus-
tified in beating a wife if she refused to have
sex. Education, however, was key, he said.
The more educated women were the less
likely they were to think that violence from
a husband was justified.
Sir Michael said that although domes-
tic violence was evident across all classes,
economic and ethnic groups, the statistics
showed that this pattern of behaviour was
more prevalent among the less well educat-
ed. A study among nine countries showed
that those women most likely to report
having experienced violence were married
at a young age, had multiple children and
a family history of domestic violence be-
tween their parents. As well as resulting in
murder and injury, domestic violence also
led to suicide, induced abortions, depres-
sive disorders and alcohol problems. And
women with mental health disorders were
also more likely to have experienced domes-
tic violence.
He said that physicians and health profes-
sionals had to be more active in this field.
85
WMA News
Staff training in equality and diversity is-
sues should be improved so that physicians
and others could detect more easily cases of
abuse among their patients and could ask
relevant questions. He suggested that phy-
sicians should routinely ask their women
patients about domestic abuse where they
had reason to suspect violence, a leading
doctor said today. Physicians should ask
about domestic abuse more often so that it
normalised the question.
‘For instance, much domestic abuse starts
during a woman’s pregnancy and physicians
should be aware that asking questions dur-
ing this time is particularly effective. Pre-
viously silent women may come forward
because of fear of harm to their baby’. In
addition, he said, women and girls should
be empowered through education and social
support.
Dr.Mungherera,who also spoke,said:‘Do-
mestic “Gender Based Violence” was only
one of the many forms of violence that
women experienced worldwide. In conflict
situations, sexual violence was common
and was often associated with physical
violence and abductions. Unwanted preg-
nancies, HIV/AIDS, mental disorders and
traumatic fistula were common complica-
tions.
‘In addition, low use of family planning
services has also been associated with GBV
and hence the need to integrate such servic-
es into the reproductive health services. It is
also important that GBV is included in the
pre-service training and continuing educa-
tion curricula of physicians and other health
workers. GBV services should be integrated
into mental health and primary care ser-
vices and these should be made available
universally.’
In a press release about the event, Dr.
Mungherera added: ‘The recent kidnapping
of young Nigerian girls illustrates in the
most horrific way this devastating scourge.
It is not enough to deplore the magnitude
of the phenomenon. Urgent, strong and
concrete policies must be taken now with
the participation of all sections of society,
including the health sector, to meet this
major global public health, gender equality
and human rights challenge.’
WMA Presentations to
World Health Assembly
During the week the WMA made several
presentations to the Assembly on behalf
of the World Health Professions Alliance.
Among them were:
Monitoring the Achievement of
the Health-Related Millennium
Development Goals
‘We would like to commend WHO in its
efforts to make sure health remains central
in the post-2015 development agenda. In
the lead-up to the 69th
session of the Gen-
eral Assembly, where the post-2015 devel-
opment framework will be discussed, we
would like to see the following points sup-
ported by WHO:
‘The “Health across all stages of life” goal
should be clearly stated in the framework
and include targets on communicable and
non-communicable diseases, mental health,
sexual and reproductive health and family
planning, maternal and child health, and
neglected tropical diseases, as well as the
social determinants of health.
Universal health coverage should be ac-
knowledged as a means of achieving
health for all, not an end in itself. Only by
strengthening holistic health care systems
and linking them to the social determinants
of health can we improve the health status
of all people.
The interdependence of the development
goals should be recognized, emphasiz-
ing health as critical to their achievement.
Health is particularly important in attain-
ing the goals in education, gender equality,
eradication of poverty and environmental
sustainability,including minimizing the im-
pact of climate change on people’s health.
To demonstrate this interdependence, we
suggest that all development goals include
the health-related indicators.’
Prevention and Control of
Non-communicable Diseases
‘We would like to commend WHO on
the progress made in the implementa-
tion of the 2008-2013 Action Plan for
the Global Strategy for the Prevention
and Control of NCDs following the UN
High-Level Meeting in September 2011.
We, however, have several concerns with
regard to the Terms of Reference (TOR)
for the Global Coordination Mechanism
and would appreciate your attention to
these matters:
‘Structure of the coordinating mecha-
nism  – The TOR states that participants
will include non-state actors along with
the UN funds, programs and agencies.
However, the rules and terms of participa-
tion for non-state actors are not clear. The
term itself “participants” is vague and non-
committal. We suggest the use of the term
“partners” instead and a clear definition of
the partnership requirements and selection
criteria.
Definition of non-state actors – We believe
that the implementation of the Action Plan
will depend on the tireless work and com-
mitment of healthcare workers at the na-
tional level.Professional associations are key
to facilitating the translation of the global
policy into action on the ground. This is
particularly important within the context of
moving towards universal health coverage
and integrating NCDs into the post-2015
development agenda. We propose that the
role and expectations of professional asso-
ciations in the TOR be more clearly defined
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WMA News
instead of merely counting them as “non-
state” actors.
Working groups  – The eligibility criteria,
function and expected outputs of the work-
ing groups are not clear. We suggest a more
clear definition of their role and functions
in the final TOR, and we also suggest mak-
ing resources available to support their ac-
tivities.’
The Global Challenge of Violence, in
Particular Against Women and Girls
‘We welcome the report addressing the
global challenge of violence, in particular
against women and girls, which features
the magnitude of the global scourge of the
phenomenon. We deplore the costs of vio-
lence, its devastating health consequences
on society as a whole. Violence against
women is a manifestation of structural in-
equalities between women and men. We
underscore the crucial need for policies ad-
dressing specifically violence from a gender
perspective.
‘Furthermore, although we support
WHO’s activities to combat violence
through multi-sectorial approaches, we
believe that there is more to be done.
Physicians have a unique role to play
in combating this, one of the most se-
vere human rights violations. They see
the health problems individuals face in
the context of that person, their family,
community, workplace and all the other
complex factors that affect their health
and their recovery from illness. The views
of physicians must therefore be incorpo-
rated systematically into any comprehen-
sive strategies to prevent and respond to
violence.
Physicians and their health professionals’
colleagues are at the frontline in the pro-
vision of comprehensive services in sup-
port of victims, ensuring that violence is
identified, documented and victims reha-
bilitated. We believe that specific, quality
and affordable training must be further
developed in medical schools and in the
framework of Continuing Professional
Development. Such a requirement should
be reflected by Member States, WHO and
other international agencies in their com-
mitments to stop violence.
Finally, given the alarming rate of sexual
violence in humanitarian emergency sit-
uations, we demand of Members States,
WHO and other relevant UN agen-
cies that they strengthen their response
to violence against women and girls in
situations of conflicts, as a matter of ur-
gency.’
World Medical Association
Welcomes Major Step
Forward on Palliative Care
At the end of the week,the Assembly unan-
imously approved a resolution on palliative
care and the WMA responded with the fol-
lowing press release:
“The World Medical Association has wel-
comed last week’s decision by the World
Health Assembly to provide greater support
for palliative care.
Following years of pressure from the pal-
liative care movement supported by the
WMA, the WHA adopted a resolution
which aims to ensure that palliative care
is integrated into all relevant global dis-
ease control and health system plans. This
involves including palliative care as an in-
tegral part of the education and training of-
fered to care providers.
Dr. Margaret Mungherera, President of the
WMA, said: ‘The WMA has long argued
for better palliative care for those millions
of people who are suffering pain without
access to adequate treatment. This must in-
clude education of the public and of health-
care professionals, to overcome barriers to
effective pain management.
‘We are delighted that the World Health
Assembly has now recognised the need for
better basic training and continuing edu-
cation for all undergraduate medical and
nursing courses, and as part of in-service
training of caregivers at the primary care
level. Only in this way can we improve the
current level of palliative care required by
more than 40 million people around the
world.
‘It is the ethical duty of physicians to al-
leviate pain and suffering. Palliative care is
fundamental to improving people’s quality
of life and well-being. It is a matter of hu-
man dignity and human rights.
‘In too many countries there are no satisfac-
tory palliative care services and I hope that
last week’s decision in Geneva will be a ma-
jor step forward.’”
Africa Project
During the week, Dr. Mungherera ad-
dressed many meetings about the Africa
Project that she had pursued since becom-
ing President of the WMA. She spoke
about progress in involving African na-
tional medical associations more in the
activities of the WMA with the aim of
strengthening the health systems in their
countries. She said African NMAs were
generally too weak to play their capacity
building and advocacy role. Yet with ade-
quate capacity, and networking opportuni-
ties from the WMA, NMAs in Africa had
the potential to positively influence the
quality of health care in their countries by
promoting standards in medical education,
regulation and clinical practice of doc-
tors. She had visited many of the African
NMAs and planned to visit more in the
coming months.
Mr. Nigel Duncan,
Public Relations Consultant, WMA
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INDIA Child Abuse
Introduction
The UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child (UN CRC) (1989) is the most widely
endorsed child rights intrument worldwide,
which defines children as all persons up to
the age of 18 years [1].
Defining violence and children protection
rights, the Convention declares “States
Parties shall take all appropriate legisla-
tive, administrative, social and educational
measures to protect the child from all forms
of physical or mental violence, injury or
abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, mal-
treatment or exploitation, including sexual
abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal
guardian(s) or any other person who has the
care of the child.” [1,2]
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
has defined “Child Abuse” as a violation of
basic human rights of a child, constituting
all forms of physical,emotional ill treatment,
sexual harm, neglect or negligent treatment,
commercial or other exploitation,resulting in
actual harm or potential harm to the child’s
health, survival, development or dignity in
the context of a relationship of responsibil-
ity, trust or power. “Child Neglect” is stated
to occur when there is failure of a parent/
guardian to provide for the development of
the child, when a parent/guardian is in a po-
sition to do so (where resources available to
the family or care giver; distinguished from
poverty). Mostly neglect occurs in one or
more area such as: health, education, emo-
tional development, nutrition and shelter.
“Child maltreatment”sometimes referred to
as child abuse and neglect,includes all forms
of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sex-
ual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that re-
sults in actual or potential harm to the child’s
health, development or dignity. Within this
broad definition, five subtypes can be dis-
tinguished  – physical abuse; sexual abuse;
neglect and negligent treatment; emotional
abuse; and exploitation [3]. Failure to ensure
child right to protection adversely affects all
rights.Besides,Child protection is critical to
the achievement of Millennium Develop-
ment goals (MDG). These MDGs can’t be
achieved unless child protection is an inte-
gral part of program & strategies to protect
children from child labour, street children,
child abuse, child marriage, violence in
school and various forms of exploitation.
Child Abuse & Neglect (CAN) is a world-
wide social and public health problem,
which exerts a multitude of short and long
term effects on children. The consequence
of children’s exposure to child maltreatment
includes elevated levels of post-traumatic
stress disorder, aggression, emotional and
mental health concerns, such as anxiety and
depression. A well designed epidemiologic,
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Study [4] revealed a high risk of heart dis-
ease in adult survivors of maltreated chil-
dren, after correcting for age, race, educa-
tion, smoking & diabetes.
Several developed countries of the world
have well-developed child protection sys-
tems, primarily focused on mandatory re-
porting, identification and investigations of
affected children, and often taking coercive
action. The burden of high level of notifi-
cations and investigations is not only on
the families, but also on the system, which
has to increase it’s resources [5]. In these
contexts, the problems of child abuse and
neglect in India need serious and wider
consideration, particularly among the un-
derprivileged rural and urban communities,
where child protection systems are not de-
veloped – or do not reach.
Magnitude of Problems, Chal-
lenges & Types of Child Abuse
India has about 440 million children; they
constitute more than 40 per cent of the
population. Each year, 27 million babies
are born. Many face unsafe birth, and many
do not survive them. Many more struggle
through childhoods of privation and risk,
and fail to reach their full potential. As
the poor vastly out-number the non-poor,
a large majority of these births are among
the underprivileged section of the popu-
lation, where the parents cannot provide
proper care to their children. The situation
of the newborn and the periods of infancy
and early childhood are particularly critical
and the morbidity and mortality rates con-
tinue to remain very high. Maternal under-
nutrition,unsafe deliveries,low birth weight
babies and poor newborn care, lack of ad-
equate immunizations, poor nutrition and
unsafe water, neglect of early development
and learning opportunities are major issues
that need to be appropriately addressed [6].
One can argue that many of these defi-
cits are of under-development rather than
of safety, but this is debatable: childhood
rights must include protection against ne-
glect and negligent treatment, and the de-
nial of services is negligence. Social and
cultural defaults in child-rearing practices
reflect social norms and very often adverse
traditions are passed from one generation to
the next, especially in illiterate and poorly
informed communities, and are extremely
resistant to change. As guardians of health,
Child Abuse & Neglect in India:Time to Act
Narendra Saini
88
INDIAChild Abuse
the IMA has to plan and manifest its effort
to address child abuse in this reality.
An obvious challenge is
that of magnitude
The numbers in need of care and protection
are huge and increasing. Extreme poverty,
insecurity of daily living, illiteracy and lack
of education, result in very little care to the
child during the early formative years. Even
services that are operating nation-wide, and
are mandated to offer free or virtually free
services are poorly run and often poorly uti-
lized.The financial allocation for health care
is far too small, despite some increases. The
allocation of attention to health surveillance
and to the social aspects of public health
seems even smaller.
The urban under-privileged, large migrating
populations and neglected rural communities
are particularly affected. In large cities, there
is more physical infrastructure and availabil-
ity of basic services, but major inequalities
in access and genuine coverage. Pavement
communities, including street children on
their own, and child labourers employed
in menial and un-protected work are espe-
cially at risk and without support. Migrants
and their children seem invisible to services
that require the so-called “client” to produce
proof of a location address. Other children
in difficult circumstances such as those shut
away in institutions, those affected by disas-
ters, those in conflict zones; refugees, HIV/
AIDS-affected,and children with disabilities
need appropriate care and rehabilitation [6].
The Central budget allocation for child
protection has never even reached 50 paisa
(half a rupee) of every 100 rupees pledged
for social development. This grave resource
challenge calls for re-examination. It also
calls for stronger voices from the public and
medical constituencies.
Absence of monetary investment and lack
of economic capacity are important con-
cerns. But child abuse knows no class or
livelihood barriers, or age buffers. It threat-
ens and afflicts children up and down the
economic ladder, and up and the 0–18 age
spectrum.The IMA recognizes the need for
diagnostic detection of children at risk  –
and the importance of finding ways to act
to help children who appear to be at risk.
A Government of India, Ministry of Wom-
en & Child Development (2007) survey
showed that the prevalence of all forms
of child abuse is extremely high (physical
abuse (66%), sexual abuse (50%) and emo-
tional abuse (50%) [7]. A more recent study
by the National Commission for Protec-
tion of Child Rights (NCPCR), conducted
amongst 6,632 children respondents, in
7 states; revealed 99% children face corporal
punishment in schools [8].
Indian Medical Association
(IMA) perspective
The term “protection” relates to protection
from all forms of violence, abuse, and ex-
ploitation. This underlines the importance
of anticipating and averting what might
happen to damage and demean a child – not
just response to hurt inflicted. Moreover, it
calls for a deeper and wider comprehen-
sion of what protection means. Based on
our understanding, the Indian Child Abuse,
Neglect & Child Labour (ICANCL) group
and Indian Medical Association (IMA) has
strongly propagated the view that “protec-
tion” must also include protection from dis-
ease, poor nutrition, and lack of knowledge,
in addition to action against abuse and ex-
ploitation. This infers that the denial of
such safeguards does constitute negligence
or neglect, both of which are included in
the internationally recognized definition of
violence.
The 9th
ISPCAN Asia Pacific Conference of
Child Abuse & Neglect (APCCAN 2011)
conference outcome document “Delhi Dec-
laration” re-affirmed and pledged a resolve
to stand against the neglect and abuse of
children and to strive for achievement of
child rights and the building of a caring
community for every child, free of violence
and discrimination. It urged and asserted
the urgent need to integrate principles,
standards and measures in national plan-
ning processes, to prevent and respond to
violence against children [9, 10].
The concept of a “caring community” as
children’s right, conceived by eminent In-
dian public health expert Dr. Eric Ram a
generation ago, argues that every sectoral
entity, every service or infrastructure touch-
ing a child’s daily life – and every person in
any of these – every arm of the State and
its institutions – has the potential to be a
“caring community” for children. It is an
issue of attitude, of not just giving care to
the child, but caring about what happens to
a child, and thus honouring the ethics that
should guide any dealings with any child.
India’s Approach to Promotion
& Protection of Children
The Government has assigned focal respon-
sibility for child rights and development to
the Ministry of Women and Child Devel-
opment (MWCD). The sectoral manage-
ment of schemes by this and other central
ministries has not given children the con-
vergent attention they deserve. Health care
services are in one sectoral portfolio, child
development and nutrition in another,youth
services affecting older children in another,
and education in yet another, and services
for children with disability parked in yet
another, and projects for children rescued
from labour in yet another. The focal point
ministry has not so far managed holistic co-
ordination of planning, programming and
monitoring very effectively. The National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights,
set up in 2007, enquires, investigates, and
recommends but lacks autonomy and any
authority to act. The same limitation holds
for State-level commissions [8].
NGOs and civil organizations and fo-
rums: India has a strong presence of non-
governmental bodies, networks, commu-
nity-based organizations, civic forums and
peoples’ campaigns. In recent years, these
organizations and platform have sharpened
their focus on protection issues. The news
89
INDIA Child Abuse
media are also increasingly alert in playing a
watch-dog role.
Having accepted the treaty obligation of
implementing the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child in 1992,the Government
of India has reported thrice to the UN on na-
tional effort to realize these rights. Its latest
(2011) report lists some welcome forward-
looking legislations and actions, but unfor-
tunately lacks information on impact of laws
and programmes and actual benefits [11].
The official routing of services and commu-
nications to the family as the receiving unit
fails to address the need to reach children
placed in any situation or setting other than
a family or household location. Children
must be sought and reached where they are,
not where they should conventionally be.The
IMA can see this is as a working challenge in
trying to access children in need – in insti-
tutions, in street groups, in work-places, on
the move, or even in prisons. Linkage with
NGOs connected to such kinds of settings
may be considered as an outreach option.
General Measurers of Implementation
To address national child right commit-
ments, several policies, laws and pro-
grammes have been introduced. The core
commitment is still the one that India en-
shrined in the Constitution: to safeguard
children “against exploitation and from
moral and material abandonment.” A new
National Policy for Children (2012) has just
replaced the 1974 policy [12].That hallmark
expression of commitment recognised chil-
dren to be “a supreme national asset” and
accorded “paramount importance” to their
best interests in all situations of dispute.The
new policy also expresses firm commitment
to children’s rights, but gives their interests
“primary” rather than “paramount” status.
The past decade has produced some positive
official assertions of commitment.(See Note
to the report).The challenge predictably lies
in translating policy into programmes, and
then carrying programmes into practice.
The State’s development enterprise in India
also urgently needs good monitoring and
regular reporting. Much of the data given in
official national reports is old,and some of it
is consequently not representative of exist-
ing realities.This must improve.
Effective Systems for
Child Protection
Whose responsibility is it to ensure the
safe, protective and caring environment that
every child deserves? Ideally, the parents
should be responsible for proper care and
protection of their child. Every birth should
be planned and all births registered. How-
ever, the child must not suffer in case the
parents cannot provide care and protection.
It is the duty of the proximate community
and the Government at large to address the
issues of care and protection.In this respon-
sibility, the State and its institutions must
function pro-actively at all levels of gover-
nance and service.
The UN CRC does not absolve either family
or community or society at large of care and
protection of children. But it firmly puts the
onus on the State. Governments are the ul-
timate duty bearer.In India,the State should
ensure that all vulnerable children have the
assurance of the best anticipatory, preventive
and restorative protection of their right to
life, survival, well-being and dignity. India’s
new National Policy for Children [12] reaf-
firms the promise of the original 1974 policy
in pledging protective care to children “be-
fore, during and after birth and throughout
the period of growth.” In practical terms,
this must include access to comprehensive
health care and nutrition, learning and play,
social welfare and the protecting hand of
law. Integrated child protection systems can
contribute to breaking the cycle of child-
hood insecurity and exploitation.
Role of Government
India should not need to be reminded that
the ultimate responsibility to protect a na-
tion’s children lies with the State.The Con-
stitution of India recognised and affirmed
this in 1950, by pledging to safeguard
children against “exploitation, and moral
and material abandonment.” By ratifica-
tion of international instruments such as
UN CRC, by recognising international
standards such as UN General Comment
#13, the Government should commit ap-
propriate legislative, administrative, social
and educational measures to prevent and
protect children from maltreatment [13]. In
1992, India accepted the obligations of the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC).The National Commission for Pro-
tection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was es-
tablished in 2007 with a mandate of enquiry
and investigation. However, there is a wide
gap between (i) policy and implementation
and between (ii) practice and outcome, and
millions of children fall through the gaps.
Government should assign adequate child
protection budgets and its officials should
also ensure that Governmental funds are
properly utilised. The “child’s voice” must
be heard by the policymakers! Both the
State and professional bodies must also give
more attention to the need for services and
schemes to be more than reactive, and be-
come proactively preventive. There may be
design faults as well as delivery faults: both
require detection and correction. Otherwise
health attentions as well as safety attention
are only in “response” mode. For many chil-
dren, this may be too little, and too late.
Role of Non Government
Organisations (NGOs)
A large number of NGOs are working in the
field of child welfare and child protection,
and many have created valuable models of
prevention, intervention and rehabilitation.
However, because of the huge numbers of
children requiring protection, their efforts
can make only a marginal impact.The larger
and central responsibility falls on the State.
It is for the State, as well, to bring together
different professions and disciplines to make
common cause in defence of children’s safety
and security. Professional bodies can high-
light this potential by taking the initiative
90
INDIAChild Abuse
to make connections and to converge efforts.
This the IMA has set out to do.
Role of the community
Wherever the parents are unable to take care
and protect the child,the proximate commu-
nity and their elected representatives must
take up more caring responsibility, with due
diligence and also due benevolence. Thus,
rural panchayats (local self government) and
urban local councils can ensure that every
child is safely born, receives basic health care
and nutrition, and protection from abuse
or neglect – and can feel secure throughout
childhood. India’s policy assures this. But in
practice, even the first moment of survival
can fall prey to abusive neglect.This is where
the medical professional must be available,
aware and attentive [14–15].
Education, Empowerment and Enabling
Mechanisms: Families and the community
must be educated, informed and enabled
so that they can provide care and protec-
tion to their children. All those entrusted
with the child’s upbringing and develop-
ment must learn that the best approaches
are non-violent.Parental guidance and basic
support to vulnerable families must be ex-
panded. In India, the Government cannot
afford to separate children from their vul-
nerable families and place them in institu-
tions. Such approaches are also being chal-
lenged in more developed countries as well.
What most families need is some extra sup-
port to cater for their children, in the form
of sponsorship schemes, social protection
programmes. Awareness of their rights and
information about governmental assistance
would ensure proper utilization of various
“schemes” [16–17].
Role of Multi-disciplinary professionals,
the private sector, religious institutions:
In India, there is also an urgent need for
appropriately trained multi-disciplinary
professionals and human resources to make
services for children viable and effective.
Besides these professionals, all educated
persons, the private sector and religious in-
stitutions can do more for child protection
and child welfare. Children are not some-
one else’s responsibility.
Attitudes, Traditions, Customs, Behav-
iour & Practices: There is need to under-
stand social norms and traditions and their
effect on children and their right to safety –
and to condemn harmful practices and sup-
port those that are positively protective. A
major attitudinal change in civil society is
called for. Any institution that senses this
should make the first move.
Many protective traditions and practices
exist, such as strong family values. How-
ever, certain stereotypes, attitudes and social
norms that violate the rights of the child
also persist, such as the use of corporal pun-
ishment as a way to discipline children or
the social acceptance of child labour. Other
harmful practices associated to gender roles,
such as child marriage or gender-biased sex
selection, manifest a patriarchal and hierar-
chic attitude towards girls and women, who
are still seen by many as a liability or as pa-
raya dhan (someone else’s wealth or property
of the marital family) [18].
The traditional acceptance of caste and oc-
cupational divisions, and the perception that
they represent a justified socio-cultural lad-
der has been legally questioned and limited
or banned – but it persists, and imposes an
identity-based restriction on many children’s
fair access to rights and opportunities. This
constitutes abuse. A better understanding of
those norms and attitudes, are necessary to
promote social change in the best interest of
the child.
Recommendations & Plan
for a Way Forward
Professional organisations and their infra-
structures must not be found wanting in
efforts to make India safe for children. The
Indian Medical Association is a nation-
wide entity, with a large membership of
trained professionals not only trained to
save and safeguard lives, but pledged to
do so. The Hippocratic Oath is already a
promise made by every medical practitio-
ner, carrying a pro-active commitment to
be healers.
Survival, early child health care, nutrition,
education, development and child protec-
tion are most crucial child rights. In India,
child rights, protection and exploitation
are intimately linked to socio-cultural and
economic inequalities. The deprived sec-
tions of society may not know all their
rights, and may not have high expectations.
But the State does know, and so do profes-
sional bodies that all children have equal
rights and entitlement to priority attention
and care. Multi-disciplinary professionals
should step forward and work together to
make such attention and care a reality ac-
cessible to every child [19].
It is important for professionals and their
institutions to monitor the government
efforts in protection of child rights. They
should be able to collate available national
child health indicators, address key issues
and concerns in their spheres of operation,
and promote and support necessary re-
search. They must also monitor their own
performance of their own chosen duties
and responsibilities.We can be proud of our
service to the nation. But there is always
more for us to do. What we now propose
is in keeping with our pledge to be the best
medical professionals possible.
The prevention of sickness, the relief of in-
jury, the service of relieving pain and suf-
fering, and of both preventing the loss or
breakdown of health and well-being, and
of restoring them, is already our chosen
vocation. The protection of human dignity
in facing and overcoming hurt is a part of
medical service.
Addressing the underprivileged,
vulnerable families and
communities as a priority
In the process of voluntary service in un-
derserved regions of our country, some of
our IMA member’s learnt some important
lessons from the vulnerable families and
communities. The most important lesson
was that public awareness about child abuse
91
INDIA Child Abuse
& neglect has to be raised & society atti-
tudes have to change. Children should have
knowledge regarding life skills, child rights
and participation.
Consistent implementation &
strict enforcement of laws
Adequate Legislative framework and their
consistent implementation & enforcement
are very important. Beyond rationalization
of existing laws, the main challenge in In-
dia remains their enforcement and the fact
that there is a certain degree of impunity for
those violating the law. For instance, if one
compares the prevalence of child marriage in
India (43% of women aged 20-24 were mar-
ried before they were 18) and the numbers of
people prosecuted for violating the anti-child
marriage law (a few hundred per year,at best),
it is evident that the law is not enforced [18].
Medical Professionals:Training
on Child Rights and Protection
Medical professionals are specially man-
dated to report cases of child sexual abuse,
under the “The Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences Act (POCSO), 2012”.
However, the Indian Medical Association
(IMA) is aware that hardly any training is
imparted to medical students, doctors and
allied child health professionals in India on
Child Rights and Protection and how to re-
port cases of Child Abuse? [21].
Therefore, IMA has decided to recommend
to the Medical Council of India (MCI)
(statutory body with the responsibility of
establishing and maintaining high stan-
dards of medical education and recogni-
tion of medical qualifications in India) to
advocate necessary changes in curriculum,
teaching, training and practice of medical
professionals, undergraduates as well.
Medical Professionals to take a
stand against Child Abuse
To take a stand against child abuse is not
outside our existing mandate. Children are
already at our door, silently asking us to rec-
ognize them as the persons most vulnerable
to the loss of well-being, and the least able
to avoid it. We have a job to do.
We as an association and as a very large
number of people who know their job  –
intend to take up the task we have chosen.
Our theme was not an idle or forgetful
choice. Our next report should be able to
tell how we worked to live up to it.
Information Note to the Report
New National Policy for Children (2013).
It establishes 18 years as the ceiling age of
childhood,and details many of the 1974 pol-
icy commitments, adding an affirmation of
India’s acceptance of the UN CRC,thus rec-
ognising the UN Convention at policy level.
National Policy for Persons with Disabili-
ties (2006).The policy recognises that a ma-
jority of persons with disabilities can have
a better quality of life if they have access to
equal opportunities and effective rehabilita-
tion measures.
Policy Framework for Children and AIDS
in India (2007).This policy seeks to address
needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS,
by integrating services for them within the
existing development and poverty reduction
programmes.
National Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Policy (2007) Under this policy, no project
involving displacement of families can be
undertaken without detailed assessment of
social impact on lives of children
National Urban Housing and Habitat
Policy (2007). The policy seeks to promote
sustainable development of habitat and ser-
vices at affordable prices in the country and
thereby provide shelter to children from
disadvantaged families.
NationalPlanofActionforChildren(2005).
The action plan was adopted in response to
the UN General Assembly Special Session
on Children (2002).It lacked specific activi-
ties, and implementation fell short of most
stated goals and targets. A  new national
plan is presently being drafted.
National Legislations
The legislative framework for children’s
rights is being strengthened with the for-
mulations of new laws and amendments to
existing laws.These include the Food Secu-
rity Act (2013), The Protection of Children
from Sexual Offences(POCSO) Act, 2012,
Right to Free and Compulsory Education
Act (2009), Prohibition of Child Marriage
Act (2006), the Commissions for Protec-
tion of Child Rights Act (2005), Juvenile
Justice (Care and Protection of Children)
Act 2000,amended in 2006,Right to Infor-
mation Act(RTI) 2005, the Goa Children’s
(amendment) Act 2005, the Child Labour
(Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 (two
notifications in 2006 & 2008), expanded
the list of banned and hazardous processes
and occupation) and the Information and
Technology (Amendment) Act 2008. In
addition, there are new legislations are on
anvil,such as HIV/AIDS bill.The two most
important legislations meant to exclusively
protect children are the following;
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protec-
tion) Act 2000 (amended in 2006) was a
key national legislation. It established a
framework for both children in need of care
and protection and for children in conflict
with the law. This law is presently being re-
viewed for substantive changes, and may be
replaced by a new law.
Harmonisation is needed with other existing
laws, such as the Prohibition of Child Mar-
riage Act 2006, the Child Labour Prohibi-
tion and Regulation Act 1986 or the Right
to Education Act 2009. Important contra-
dictions exist among these laws,starting with
the definition and age of the child. Conflict
with personal laws should also be addressed,
ensuring universal protection of children, re-
gardless of the community they belong to.
Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences (POCSO) Act 2012
The Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act, 2012, specifically address the
issue of sexual offences committed against
children,which until now had been tried un-
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INDIAChild Abuse
der laws that did not differentiate between
adult and child victims. The punishments
provided in the law are also stringent and
are commensurate with the gravity of the of-
fence. Under this act, various child friendly
procedures are put in place at various stages
of the judicial process. Also, the Special
Court is to complete the trial within a period
of one year, as far as possible. Disclosing the
name of the child in the media is a punish-
able offence, punishable by up to one year.
The law provides for relief and rehabilita-
tion of the child, as soon as the complaint
is made to the Special Juvenile Police Unit
(SJPU) or to the local police. Immedi-
ate & adequate care and protection (such
as admitting the child into a shelter home
or to the nearest hospital within twenty-
four hours of the report) are provided. The
Child Welfare Committee (CWC) is also
required to be notified within 24 hours of
recording the complaint. Moreover, it is a
mandate of the National Commission for
the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
and State Commissions for the Protection
of Child Rights (SCPCR) to monitor the
implementation of the Act [20].
Telephonic help lines (CHILDLINE
1098) and Child Welfare Committees
(CWC) under the Juvenile Justice Act (2000)
have been established, where reports of child
abuse or a child likely to be threatened to be
harmed can be made and help sought.
National Programmes
The Government of India is implement-
ing several programmes on social inclusion,
gender sensitivity, child rights, participation
and protection.The approach is based on UN
CRC and Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). These programmes include: Inte-
grated Child Development Services(ICDS),
SABLA Scheme for Adolescent Girls, and
Saksham project for adolescent boys; Ra-
jiv Gandhi Crèche Scheme for children of
working mothers, scheme of assistance to
home for children (Sishu Greh) to promote
in-country adoption, Dhanalakshmi- condi-
tional cash transfer schemes for girl child,
Programme for Juvenile Justice, Child
Line (24-hour toll-free telephone helpline
(No. 1098), Integrated Child Protection
Scheme(ICPS), Integrated program for
street children,Ujjawala (scheme for preven-
tion of trafficking and rescue, rehabilitation,
reintegration and repatriation), Sarva Shik-
sha Abhiyan National programme for school
education, National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM), Mid Day Meal Scheme, Jawaha-
rlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM), Universal Immunization Pro-
gramme (UIP) and Integrated Management
of Neonatal & Childhood illness (IMNCI).
Integrated Child Protection
Scheme (ICPS)
The Ministry of Women and Child Develop-
ment, Government of India has launched an
Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
(2009), which is expected to significantly
contribute to the realization of State respon-
sibility for creating a system that will effi-
ciently and effectively protect children. It is
meant to institutionalize essential services
and strengthen structures, enhance capacity
at all levels, create database and knowledge
base for child protection services, strengthen
child protection at family and community
level and ensure appropriate inter-sectoral
response at all levels and raise public aware-
ness. The guiding principles recognize that child
protection is a primary responsibility of the fam-
ily, supported by community, government and
civil society.The ICPS is an important initia-
tive, but is still in its infancy [22].
References
1. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
(with Optional Protocols), available from www.
unicef.org/crc
2. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 56th
session General Comment No. 13 (2011) Arti-
cle 19: The right of the child to freedom from all
forms of violence
3. World Health Organisation.Child Maltreatment.
http://www.who.int/topics/child_abuse/en/
4. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Study.
Dong et al, Circulation, 2004;110:1761
5. O’Donnell M, Scott D, Stanley F (2008) Child
Abuse & neglect – is it time for public health
approach? Australian & New Zealand Journal of
Public Health 32(4), 325-330.
6. Srivastava RN (2011). Child protection: whose
responsibility? CANCL NEWS 11(1), 4-5.
7. Study on Child Abuse: India (2007). Ministry
of Women and Child Development, Govern-
ment of India, available from www.wcd.nic.in/
childabuse.pdf
8. Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools.
National Commission for Protection of Child
Rights(NCPCR), available from http://www.
ncpcr.gov.in/publications_reports.htm
9. Delhi Declaration. http;www.indianpediatrics.
net/delhideclaration2011.pdf.
10. Srivastava RN. Child Abuse & Neglect: Asia
Pacific Conference and the Delhi Declaration.
Indian Pediatrics 2011; 49:11-12.
11. India: Third & Fourth Combined Periodic Re-
port on the Convention on the Rights of the
Child 2011, available from www.wcd.nic.in
12. National Policy for Children (2012), available from
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=94782
13. UN Committee on the Rights of the child, 56th
session General comments No 13(2011) Arti-
cle 19: The right of the child to freedom from all
forms of violence, available from http://www2.
ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/comments.htm
14. Seth R, Banerjee SR, Srivastava RN. National
Consultation on Urban Poor. CANCL News
2006, 6(2), 12-15.
15. Seth R, Kotwal A, Ganguly KK. An ethno-
graphic exploration of toluene abusers among
street and working children of Delhi, India.
Substance use and misuse 2005, 40:1659-1679.
16. Seth R. Care of the Rural Child. CANCL News
2008, 8(1):9-13.
17. Mody RC, Seth R. Progress report of village
Bhango: Education and health of rural children.
CANCL News 2008, 8(1):23-24.
18. Bergua J. UNICEF India. Child Protection Ba-
sics 2011, 1-8.
19. Srivastava RN. Child health & welfare, panchay-
ats & rural development. CANCL News 2008,
8(1), p3-4.
20. The Protection of Children from Sexual Of-
fences Act, 2012, available from wcd.nic.in/child
act/childprotection31072012.pdf
21. Aggarwal K, Dalwai S, Galagali P, Mishra D,
Prasad C, Thadhani A, et al. Recommendations
on recognition and response to child abuse and
neglect in the Indian setting. Indian Pediatric
2010; 47:493-504.
22. Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
(2009), available from www.wcdhry.gov.in/icps01.
htm
Dr. Narendra Saini
Hon. Secretary General, IMA
93
WMA NewsGERMANY
First of all, I would like to thank Ms. Al-
brecht, Mr. Bach and Mr. Diehl for imme-
diately agreeing to grant me a little speaking
time when I offered to say a few words on the
subject of poverty and health.
I see the award of the Paracelsus Medal as
an expression of solidarity on the part of the
German doctors’ association with the people
who are particularly close to my heart, and to
whom I have devoted my medical work over
the last decades. People living on the fringe of
society, here and elsewhere.
The debate about the underclass and the
precariat has clearly shown that poverty is
an issue that raises many concerns and fears
amongst the people in Germany. Established
findings on the relationship between and the
mutual influence of poverty and health or dis-
ease have been available in German-speaking
countries for over 20 years. And yet this con-
text still attracts too little public and profes-
sional interest.
The situation of poor people and their prob-
lems is a side issue,it is still given way too little
attention, especially since the parties involved
have no influential lobby, their needs are not
seen as being or allowed to become a priority.
It is this phenomenon of non-consideration,
of turning a blind eye, of ignorance which we
can also find in the discussions on the health
care reform and on the co modification of the
health system.
Poverty and its relationship to and impact on
health and on the development of disease is
still an underestimated and neglected subject
in the context of the debate on poverty. Al-
though – particularly in terms of these close
correlations  – it is clear that poverty in one
of the richest countries in the world does not
simply mean a lack of consumer goods, or
convenience, or social participation, but is of-
ten accompanied by physical and mental suf-
fering, by higher morbidity rates, and even a
significantly lower life expectancy.
Even Goethe once said: “Empty pocket, sick
heart.” The relationship between social condi-
tions and disease has been proven by numerous
socio-scientific and natural scientific studies.
A concrete connection between social sta-
tus and disease, with significantly increased
disease prevalence could be found for almost
all groups of somatic and mental illness. De-
pression and suicide rates, amongst others,
increased significantly, unemployed people
show a 20-fold higher suicide rate than the
employed. Poverty causes stress and associated
illnesses.
In addition to the morbidity, the mortality of
people experiencing poverty is also higher in
our society. Between the richest and the poor-
est quarter of the German population,there is a
difference in life expectancy of 11 years for men
and 8 years for women. 31% of men affected by
poverty do not reach the age of 65. In our open
medical centre, I more and more frequently ex-
perience people with life-threatening diseases
being denied adequate treatment because they
have no health insurance. In Germany, people
are dying because the health care system is no
longer there for them when they need it. Be-
ing poor means being subjected to great psy-
chosocial stress, especially in our achievement-
oriented society. To make matters worse, there
is still a negative culture of defamation and
finger-pointing towards socially disadvantaged
people which often causes them to seriously
doubt their own worth.
The so-called health care reforms – are they
really reforms which benefit the people? The
changes in the law already made and those
planned are at the expense of poor and socially
disadvantaged people. High health insurance
premiums, additional fees, higher deductibles,
the axing of medical services all lead to further
health risks and social exclusion. In this con-
text, Amartya Sen addressed the importance
of structurally implemented opportunities to
access resources, including health care. He
speaks of capabilities, of realization oppor-
tunities, of being able to use and implement
existing individual resources. But it is precisely
this that is becoming more and more difficult,
sometimes even impossible, for many people
in our society today, due to administrative
hurdles.
We cannot just silently accept the brutal
profit-oriented policies of large sectors of the
pharmaceutical industry. When the chairman
of a leading German pharmaceutical compa-
ny publicly stated at the end of last year that
the cancer drug Nexavar – and I quote: “was
not developed for the Indian market, but for
Western patients who can afford it,” then this
must be strongly condemned. Mahatma Gan-
dhi said more than half a century ago: “Poverty
is the worst form of violence”. Sadly, this kind of
corporate behaviour shows that his statement
is clearly as accurate today as it was then.
Equally important and necessary is our soli-
darity with and practical support for people in
countries which still have a completely inade-
quate health care infrastructure, whether these
are in Europe – such as Greece – or on other
Acceptance Speech for the Paracelsus Medal on the Occasion 117th
German Medical Assembly on 26th
/27th
May, 2014 in Düsseldorf
Gerhard Trabert
94
WMA News GERMANY
continents. Countries in which sickness, death
and suffering are tragically part of everyday
life. And the causes of which, considering, for
example, the many AIDS sufferers in Africa
and their inadequate health and specifically
medicinal care, are to be found also and par-
ticularly in the greed for profit of European
and German corporations.
In our medical centre without restrictions for
people without medical insurance, we are cur-
rently constantly confronted with the situa-
tion that people who are looking for asylum in
Germany are deported. To this respect I must
sharply criticize the European Dublin III
Agreement under which asylum seekers can
at any time be deported to the first European
country in which they set foot. It is and must
be clear to everyone that deportation to Bul-
garia, Greece or Italy results in these destitute
people seeking help being “released” into ac-
commodation unfit for human habitation,into
homelessness, or often even being imprisoned.
Thus, their human rights are not respected,
sometimes they are even deported back to the
crisis regions and war zones from which they
have fled. Numerous scientific studies have
shown that a large proportion of the people af-
fected experience severe post-traumatic men-
tal stress disorders. These are often not recog-
nized and acknowledged and then exacerbated
due to the repressive and hostile treatment
they are subjected to in the countries of refuge.
As a doctor I have gathered experience with
the suffering of the local people in numerous
war zones. Recently, I attended a medical aid
mission in the Lebanon for Syrian war refu-
gees.The Lebanon,with a population of only 4
million people, has taken in over 1 million war
refugees. Germany boasts of taking in 10,000
Syrian war refugees. A scandalously low ad-
mission quota. At the same time it prevents
admission of these people who are in mortal
danger by imposing repressive regulations
culminating in an unacceptable “declaration
of obligation” for family members of Syrian
refugees. The planned drastic tightening of
the asylum law by the Federal Ministry of the
Interior will dramatically worsen the situa-
tion, especially the health situation, for many
people. Conclusion: European regulations and
the associated deportation practices are un-
just, unsocial and endanger the lives of many
people in need. Germany should also not be
thinking about stepping up its military in-
volvement in the world, but its humanitarian
efforts. This makes me sad and angry at the
same time. We must not remain silent.
Once again we hide behind laws, rules and
regulations and don’t see the individual suffer-
ing that we create through the implementa-
tion of these unjust regulations. Abbé Pierre,
the French priest who, amongst other things
founded the Emmaus movement, once said:
“Respect laws if their application shows respect
for the people themselves.” These legal regula-
tions clearly do not do so. In this regard, we
doctors have to make a stand and fight for these
people even more actively and vehemently.
The Danish therapist Jesper Juul has “intro-
duced” an interesting term into the German
language, the term of “Gleichwürdigkeit” or
equal dignity. This term does not exist in the
German language, but in other languages. For
me, this term expresses a fundamental quality
of human relationships and communication.
To encounter people with dignity,thus return-
ing to them a little of the dignity they have
been robbed of. This dignity is especially re-
flected in comprehensive health care which is
accessible for everyone,regardless of social sta-
tus. Giving people affected by poverty dignity,
respect and appreciation back means finding
new approaches in health care. Approaches
that take us to the ostracized people in our so-
ciety.This reminds me of two statements made
by famous people from our neighbouring
countries. The Swiss philosopher Kurt Matti
said: “Where would it take us if everyone said,
where would that take us and nobody went to
see where it would take us if we went.” Franz
Kafka, the Austrian of Czech origin, said, very
pragmatically: “Paths are formed by walking.”
We must do something now.
And it is precisely this need to act now, tan-
gibly and practically, that Stéphan Hessel, who
died last year, demanded. Hessel, the Berlin-
born French citizen and Résistance fighter who
survived the Buchenwald concentration camp,
co-author of the United Nations Declaration of
Human Rights, published a remarkable pam-
phlet in 2010, entitled: “Time for Outrage”. In
this pamphlet, Hessel criticizes the treatment
of poor people in the heart of Europe. He does
this by denouncing the deliberate suppression
and the loss of human rights and criticizes the
power of financial capitalism. He ends with the
words: “Creating something new means put-
ting up resistance. Putting up resistance means
creating something new.“
We should all be outraged at how socially dis-
advantaged people are treated in our society, at
how their circumstances are reported on, in-
adequately, sometimes ignoring facts, denying
causal links. Let’s start putting up resistance
to anti-social, unjust policies, constructive and
consistent resistance, in solidarity and togeth-
er with the people concerned.
I wish all of us, especially us doctors, that we
can summon up the commitment, the courage
and intransigence when it comes to the reali-
sation of humane, human rights-based health
care for socially disadvantaged people.
Our work as doctors has always been based on
the fundamental philosophy that medical care
must be offered regardless of religion, race,
ethnicity or social status. It seems that this
has to be increasingly complemented by the
phrase that we will also treat human beings in
need of help, regardless of their health insur-
ance status, whether they are health insured or
not, and irrespective of their residence status
in our country, in accordance with our medi-
cal skills and knowledge. Just talking about
it won’t remove discrimination and injustice.
Contrasting approaches must again be dem-
onstrated more clearly in order to achieve
concrete and practical improvements of the
situation for the patients concerned.
Finally, let me say this: This acceptance speech
is a little out of the ordinary, in terms of time
and of content. On the one hand, I see my-
self as having an obligation and a responsibil-
ity to address the situation of poor marginal-
ized people here and now. On the other I am
guided by the man who, 62 years ago, first won
this award, by Albert Schweitzer. He said: “It
is my right to be uncommon – if I can. I seek
opportunity – not security”.
Prof. Dr. Med. Dipl. Soz.-päd. Gerhard Trabert
95
Ukrainian CrisisLATVIA
On August 25, I together with Mr. Renārs
Putniņš, Parliamentary Secretary of the
Ministry of Health (as at the moment there
is no Minister of Health in Latvia accord-
ing to legislation he is the highest ranking
official in the sector) arrived in Ukraine to
see the situation in the area of health care,
especially paying attention to the wounded
soldiers and refugees.
As at that time active warfare was taking
place, we were allowed to attend Dnipro-
petrovsk Region situated next to Donetsk.
There are approximately 3.5 million in-
habitants in Dnipropetrovsk Region. The
city itself, which lies 240 kilometres from
Donetsk, can be considered an important
industrial, educational and scientific centre.
Dniprodzerzhynsk (a suburb of Dnipro-
petrovsk) is the birthplace of the former
Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. During his
career Brezhnev was supporting the devel-
opment of the region by promoting rock-
etry industry, electrical technologies, metal
industry and establishing a series of univer-
sities, including the Medical Academy.
Before our visit to Dnipropetrovsk I had
watched Russian TV channels that pre-
sented the city as a ruined, economically
exhausted and abandoned place. The truth
was quite different – the city was well illu-
minated, the lawns mowed, new apartment
blocks being built. Dnipropetrovsk receives
daily from a hundred to a thousand refugees
from Donetsk Region, mostly women and
children.
Obviously, in Donetsk Region, which is
under the control of separatists, a human
crisis has begun because Dnipropetrovsk
is flooded by chronically ill people from
there. For instance, now a ward, perform-
ing haemodialysis to 120 patients daily, has
to manage additional haemodialysis for 78
refugees. All the refugees have arrived after
interrupted medical care and can be consid-
ered as severe cases.
Patients with diabetes mellitus who need
insulin and other antidiabetic remedies have
arrived hoping to be rescued. I witnessed
myself that to a psychoneurological institu-
tion with 60 beds for children from Dnipro-
petrovsk Region there were hospitalized 50
children with different inborn and heredi-
tary pathologies, mental disorders etc. from
Donetsk.
The nurse had injected sopoforic medicine
during the transportation and there was
no documentation that could contain evi-
dence about their parents or relatives, even
the names of most of the children were not
known.
The children were taken to Dnipropetrovsk
to save them from being killed as separat-
ists tend to believe that they only cause
expenses. Practically all pregnant women
with pathologies or extrauterine pregnancy
have fled Donetsk for Dnipropetrovsk as
separatist leaders have announced that all
deliveries should take place in equal condi-
tions and the specialized Mother and Child
Centre had been turned into a hospital for
soldiers.
The flow of refugees is handled by volun-
teers, mostly students, and the people of
Dnipropetrovsk support reception cen-
tres by donating food, warm clothing and
sanitary items. So far it has been possible to
place refugees in different premises, hostels
and empty apartments.
The wounded have been brought to Dni-
propetrovsk (also Kharkiv) as well.On aver-
age, there are about 30 patients with poly-
traumas. The severe cases are transferred to
Mechnikov Hospital of Dnepropetrovsk
Region while the milder ones are taken to
the military hospital. I must admit that the
military hospital is badly equipped, practi-
cally plundered and should be closed. Only
a nineteenth century military doctor could
consider it a hospital.The reanimation ward
is as in the fifties of the last century.
Mechnikov Hospital is quite a surprise.
The former chief of Health Board had
built a spacious emergency ward with
diagnostic equipment, operation halls,
intensive care units. The hospital already
cares for some thirty severe cases simul-
taneously and the staff has learned to cope
with the situation.
When a patient with burn wounds was
brought in, cartridges and hand grenades
fell out of his pockets. In an intensive
unit you can find about a dozen wounded
mostly with bullet injured legs and exten-
sive burn wounds.There is an officer whose
neck has been hit with a bullet which had
passed between esophagus and trachea not
touching the major blood-vessels while
breaking the lower jaw on exit. Some sol-
WhatWe Can Learn From the Ukrainian Crisis
Kiev-Dnipropetrovsk, August 25–27 (eyewitnessed)
Pēteris Apinis
96
Ukrainian Crisis LATVIA
diers with milder wounds who have already
been treated properly have been placed
near the main entrance – to keep safe from
provocations.
A week ago a wounded pregnant woman
was taken to the hospital and doctors man-
aged to save the child.About one third from
the wounded is civilians.
Soon the Ukrainian doctors will become
mega-stars concerning caring for wounds
and polytraumas – there is no such train-
ing practice in other countries. So it seems
we have to go to Mechnikov Hospital and
a similar institution in Kharkiv and vol-
unteer for experience. The war of today is
very different from WWII – every wound is
combined with a lacerated wound, crushed
bones and internal burns. Unbelievably
many traumatic amputations. An anaesthe-
tist we had a cup of coffee together in the
emergency ward told me about a patient
whose leg just fell of the transportation
trolley while being driven from the ambu-
lance van. An experienced nurse fainted at
the sight.
It seems to me that the first lesson we get
from the Ukrainians relates to the first aid
experience, actually the mistakes they are
making. Unfortunately, there is no chance
for me to reach the front line as separatists
have resumed their offensives.
I had a conversation with a young surgeon
on his ten-day leave who asked not to reveal
his name. He is in his late twenties, used to
work as a surgeon in a prominent Dnipro-
petrovsk hospital, then got mobilized and
sent to the battlefront.
Every other day he worked at the battle-
front and spent the days in the sanitary ve-
hicle. He had been observing, draining, im-
mobilizing up to 32 wounded patients per
day. The biggest problem is that there is no
obvious battlefront, most of the soldiers get
shot, wounded or killed while they rest in
barracks or tents.
Obviously, my companion had been in-
structed regarding conversations with
strangers. There had been no instruction
about medical matters, however, and we
could discuss medical issues more freely.
Those fighting on the Ukrainian side are
young men doing obligatory military ser-
vice  – eighteen-year-olds, sooner, cannon
fodder. There are also battalions of volun-
teers  – experienced men who have done
military service before, but they are unbe-
lievably poorly equipped.
Volunteers are much easier to manage,
many of them have graduated from univer-
sities and as many there are students. They
all receive booklets containing first aid algo-
rithms (neat and easy-to-understand) and
they are eager to practise. As a result they
are taught how to inject analgetics immedi-
ately. First aid kits, however, resemble driv-
ers’ first aid kits – a red rubber constrictor
that has been kept in a storehouse for years
and as a result has become fragile, gauze
bandage, iodine or green antiseptic liquid
(for a friend to pour on a friend’s burns), eye
drops that I don’t recognize.
The biggest problem is evacuation of the
wounded person from the fire zone  – at
first it is just reaching him, then evacua-
tion by an available vehicle  – usually an
armoured personnel carrier or a lorry that
jolts so heavily that the wounded feels like
going through hell. After the transporta-
tion the injured person is taken to the san-
itary vehicle described above where he is
examined by a professional doctor or gets
transported to a nearest regional hospital
(there is one in every bigger town next to
the battlefront), where there is only a lo-
cal internist or no one at all to treat the
wounded.
The most professional institution near the
battlefront is a surgical hospital where real
help is provided to the wounded. From
there they get transported to Kharkiv or
Dnipropetrovsk, more often by helicopter
than by ambulance car. More severe cases
go to civil hospitals while milder ones – to
military hospitals. Sorting takes place in
Dnipropetrovsk Airport, and the decision is
made by an experienced military doctor, a
colonel, Head of the Lung Surgery Depart-
ment from Odessa. All by himself. He only
tells me his name and patronymic, omitting
his surname, as it is not important.
The person who is not afraid of telling his
name and who supervises the process from
morning till night and the whole healthcare
in the region is Professor Igor Makedon-
sky, Head of the Regional Health Depart-
ment. He is a paediatrics surgeon, a well-
known professional in the whole country
and he has been Head of Dnipropetrovsk
Children’s Hospital; at the moment he
is assigned responsibility for the regional
healthcare. Reserved, introvert, polite, but
unbelievably confident in his statements
and actions. He manages to procure funds
both from the region and Kiev.
It is only fair to mention that support from
local people is incredibly great. People
bring to hospitals food, medicine; local in-
dustries have started producing stretchers,
hospital equipment, up to vacuum pumps,
dermatomes, pulse oximetres that are at
least 10 times less expensive than the ana-
logues supplied to Latvia by international
companies.
Ludmila Ivanovna Padalko, Head Physi-
cian of Dnipropetrovsk Perinatal Centre,
tells us that there is enough donated food to
feel safe for a week or even two.The Centre
is large, there are nearly 400 beds, includ-
ing gynaecological beds, and the maternity
ward. In Ukraine, the number of beds is
decisive in healthcare as it determines the
money allotment to the hospital. The ma-
ternity ward has 12 separate entrances each
of which leads to a small separate mater-
nity ward installed with a bed, a maternity
table and even a triangle bath. The patient’s
husband is also welcome. There is a bath-
room, resting facilities and even a TV set.
The ward is for patients with pregnancy
97
Ukrainian CrisisLATVIA
pathology from the whole Dnipropetrovsk
Region.
However, those who want to give birth in
civilized conditions come to this hospital
as well. According to Ukrainian legislation
maternity assistance should not be charged.
As a result those who are not eligible but
still want to give birth to their children in
this wonderward have to pay a donation to
the hospital (only by credit card).
It feels strange to hear about the way the
donations are spent.Five men from the hos-
pital have been called up – an anaesthetist,
two medical assistants and two workers.The
hospital has purchased for all chest armour
for 4,000 grivnas, helmets for 3,000 grivnas,
and special footwear for 2,000 grivnas. It
turns out that those who are not provided
with such assistance get to the battlefront
without any protective means.
There used to be similar exclusive prenatal
centres in Donetsk and Luhansk as well,
but the separatist government considered
that the centres mainly dealt with artificial
insemination. At the moment the centres
care for at least about one third of patients
more than usual.
In Kiev I had a possibility to visit the
Ukrainian Ministry of Health and meet
the Minister of Health Oleg Musij. It was
a holiday  – the National Independence
Day. Oleg Musij was not wearing a jacket
and poured tea himself. He is energetic,
talkative and smiles a lot. He is an anaes-
thetist, long-term President of the Ukrai-
nian Medical Association. He managed
medical service on Maidan, spent days and
nights on duty, provided first aid, orga-
nized evacuation, performed about ten in-
tubations and resuscitations directly on the
square or in the Ukrainian House next to
it. Once he got shot by a water-cannon at
20 degrees below zero Celsius and nearly
turned into a block of ice while perform-
ing resuscitation. He is the only minister in
the new government who does not belong
to any party and is free of any political in-
fluence. However, his deputies have been
assigned by several parties. Oleg Musij is
getting ready for winter when there will
be no heating; they have almost run out of
supplies of medicines and dressings. The
physicians’ salaries are three times lower
than in Latvia and ten times lower than
in Europe on average. “Были б мне Твои
проблемы (If only I had your problems)”,
he said with a smile. The health budget in
Ukraine is 3.5 billion euro for 45 million
inhabitants, and that is in a country at war
or – the Ukrainian Ministry of Health has
77 euro per capita per year.
To tell the truth, the Ministry of Health
manages only 65% of the health funds.
Military medicine is managed by the Min-
istry of Defence. Those working on rail-
ways go to Railway Hospitals and sailors
go to Marine Medical Centres, miners
have their own specialized hospitals. There
are fourteen different departments com-
peting among themselves while all of them
suffer from the economic crisis. Altogether
it makes 118 euro per capita from the state
budget. As a result patients almost fully
pay for medical care, including their stay
in hospitals.
It seems that the biggest problem created by
the war in the east of Ukraine is running out
of resources – no one knows how Ukraine
will survive the winter without energy and
the very restricted reserves of fuel.
There is something that is not said aloud,
but can be sensed  – humanitarian assis-
tance causes only problems. Nothing is
said, but you become aware that Europe-
an countries send what they do not need
themselves  – old dressings, unidentified
pills etc.The logic is simple – when you are
at war, you need a month’s supply of nar-
cotic painkillers, infusion liquids, antibac-
terial remedies, respiratory equipment and
outer fixation materials including dress-
ings. In fact, the same is true today for any
place in Europe. Such reserve is necessary
and it should be a modern one. Of course,
this is not the same amount that Ukraine,
which is at war, now needs.
What can Latvian medicine do for Ukraine?
As a country holding the EU Presidency in
2015, we can convene a conference about a
united healthcare system,attracting medical
thought from Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia
and Belarus. We can help Ukraine to reach
the European level not through simpli-
fied humanitarian aid, but by all European
countries jointly dealing with the conse-
quences of the Ukrainian tragedy.
And there is a tragedy. There are young
men with amputated legs. There are officers
whose gunshot wounds have turned into
osteomyelitis. There is a guy with a bullet
stuck in the frontal cavity. It is a strange
feeling when you enter a ward with 5-6
war-wounded patients, and each has his
own story and now they are bedridden.
There are polytraumas that suppurate.
I am the first doctor from Europe who had
been so close to the battlefront to see what
is going on in healthcare. I was not allowed
closer than 100 kilometres from the front
line, so I could not see first aid provided to
soldiers and I did not see the hospital tents
myself. I am ready to return to understand
what is going on in reality at the battlefront
in the middle of Europe.I took a lot of pho-
tos for professional purposes including doc-
tors and patients; however, I cannot publish
the photos for ethical and professional rea-
sons.
Pēteris Apinis, President of the
Latvian Medical Association
98
NMA news
Junior Doctors’ Work Hours:
from regulations to reality
Physicians worldwide are sick. We experience increasing levels of
stress, burnout, and mental health disorders compared to our not-
in-medicine neighbours [1]. Dissatisfaction is high, and many of
our colleagues would not choose medicine all over again, let alone
recommend it to the next generation of our healthcare system [2].
Injured wellbeing, the “phantom limb” of our profession, limits our
ability to provide quality of care, reduce health care costs, and im-
prove the health of populations [3–5]. How can we care for the
world, if we cannot care for ourselves?
Perhaps caring can begin with our trainees.
In medical school and residency, trainees are more susceptible to
dehumanizing traits, mental health disorders, and stigmatizing at-
titudes that we carry throughout our careers [6,7]. Those we en-
courage to heal, including women and minorities, are particularly
vulnerable [7]. Loss of wellbeing may be due to fear of health work-
force crises and safety concerns. Medical errors are often attributed
to trainee fatigue and long hours worked. Century-old education
models have been called into question.The wellbeing of junior doc-
tors and their patients worldwide is at risk. Members of the Junior
Doctors Network have expressed their concerns and offered solu-
tions for consideration.
Workforce
Trainee security is uncertain and threatens the sustainability of
our health workforce. In North America and the UK, after hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars of medical education debt, trainees
are struggling to find employment [8]. This is amidst predictions
for worldwide shortages of health professionals by over 10 million
by 2035 [9]. In developing nations, junior doctors are first-line for
outbreaks irrespective of training [10] and when under scrutiny are
a face for criticism and dismissal. In developed nations, bullying is
a concern [7]. To ensure a sustainable health workforce, we need to
help nurture the right trainees for the right job for the right place
through safe, quality, and accessible medical education. The WMA
JDN is working with the World Health Organization and other
stakeholders to determine the drivers behind health workforce sup-
ply-demand mismatches worldwide and provide our members with
the best information possible to support their healthcare systems
and ease their minds.
Duty Hours
Longer hours are associated with higher burnout, fatigue, depres-
sion, and injuries [11,12], and national regularly bodies have re-
sponded. In 2003, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
Education) in the United States limited work hours to 80 hours
per week and the longest consecutive working time to 30 hours for
senior residents, and 16 hours for first year trainees. The ACGME
mandated teaching hospitals to ensure adequate sleeping facili-
ties for residents. The European Working-Time Directive applied
in 2009 limited work hours of employed doctors to 48 hours per
week and 24 hours of consecutive work.There is even national varia-
tion with Québec (Canada) limiting hours to 72 hours per week
and a maximum of 16 consecutive hours per day while Manitoba
(Canada) has an 89-hour limit [12]. In Turkey, hours are limited to
40 hours per week.
In regions without enforced restrictions,there is concern that longer
hours may be related to poor physician health. In Australia, younger
doctors worked more and reported being more psychologically dis-
tressed, suicidal, and burnt-out more and are more burnt-out than
their older colleagues [7]. According to a Cross Sectional Survey of
Hong Kong doctors, physicians working more than 52 work hours
per week were at a higher risk of burnout [13]. In Europe, despite
the European Working Time Directive there is variability with UK
physicians reporting working more than 56 hours due to occupa-
tional pressures [14]. In Turkey, doctors are considered a strategic
workforce and are not covered by the same 40-hour limits of other
workers with average working hours of junior doctors varying be-
tween 48–110 hours per week by specialty and reports of having to
work under stress to meet service needs [15]. However, in regions
with enforced restrictions, there is concern that patient care, medi-
cal education, and even junior doctor quality of life are suffering,
especially with surgical trainees [16,17].
Instead of focusing on quantity, perhaps we need to focus on the
quality of the hours junior doctors spend serving patients and sup-
porting their own wellbeing.This will likely require attention to the
comprehensive working and learning environment including how
well we communicate with the entire healthcare team, how well we
are taught, and how well we take the time to take care of ourselves.
Education
Medicine is becoming increasingly complex. The number of avail-
able diagnostic tests,diagnoses,and treatment options has expanded
exponentially and contributed to the clinical and educational work-
load of all physicians [18].To compensate, the time a patient spends
in the hospital has been declining and junior doctors have increas-
ingly needed to meet this service need without the same educational
benefit, and without the legal, financial, or social supports as their
older colleagues [19]. The healthcare team is also changing, with
greater focus on interprofessional care to meet increasing health
system needs. However, the insular training of junior doctors may
predispose us to burnout and unprofessional behaviours [20]. The
average age of a new Junior Doctor from North America is 28 with
at least two degrees and a six-figure debt. Our costs have inflated.
Our lives have stagnated.Our futures are uncertain.The century-old
99
NMA news
medical education system may no longer be able to keep pace. Re-
form may be needed, including access to quality medical education
resources, consideration of new models such as competency-based
medical education, and collective education with other professions,
sectors, and patients with the wellbeing of healthcare professionals
and the safety of patients in mind.
Conclusion
When a physician is sick we should provide care, but we also need
sustainable solutions including a global workforce that meets sup-
ply and demands, working conditions that balance education and
service, and a current medical education system. We need a health-
care system that prevents the suffering of our own by improving the
wellbeing of our trainees. Together, with further institutional com-
mitment and collaboration with our stakeholders, we can foster a
culture that is safe for both junior doctors and the patients for which
they care. It is a culture of wellbeing. It is medicine’s culture to care.
References
1. Myers et. al. CMA Guide to Physician Health and Wellbeing. Canadian
Medical Association. Canada. 2003.
2. Kane, Leslie. Physician Compensation Report. Medscape. US. 2013.
3. Spinelli,W.M.The Phantom Limb of the Triple Aim. Mayo Clinic Proceed-
ings 2013 8(12):1356–1357
4. Physician Wellness: a missing quality indicator. Lancet 2009.
5. To err is human: Building a Safer Health System. Institute Of Medicine.
2000.
6. Burnout During Residency Training: A Literature Review. J Grad Med
Educ. Dec 2009 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2931238/
7. National Mental Health Survey of Doctors and Medical Students. October
2013. BeyondBlue. Australia. http://www.beyondblue.org.au/docs/default-
source/default-document-library/bl1132-report—nmhdmss-full-report_web
8. What’s Really Behind Canada’s Unemployed Specialists? Royal College Em-
ployment Study. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. 2013.
9. A Universal Truth: No Health Without a Workforce.World Health Organi-
zation. November 2013.
10. Junior Doctors Condemn Working Conditions in Dealing with Ebola Fever.
WMA. 2014. https://www.wma.net/en/40news/20archives/2014/2014_16/
11. Dembe AE. Estimates of injury risks for healthcare personnel working night
shifts and long hours. Qual Saf Health Care 2009;18:336–340 doi:10.1136/
qshc.2008.029512
12. Resident Duty Hours: Enhancing Sleep, Supervision, and Safety. IOM 2009
13. Yuen SK, Cheung A: Burnout among public doctors in Hong Kong: cross-
sectional survey. Hong Kong Med J 2012, 18(3):186–192
14. Temple, Sir John. Doctors’training and the European Working Time Direc-
tive.The Lancet. 375. 9732. June 2010.
15. Terzi, Cem. “GENEL CERRAHİ UZMANLIK EĞİTİMİ RAPORU.” 1
Jan. 2010. Web. 25 Aug. 2014. http://www.turkcer.org.tr/files/files/uzman-
lik_egitimi_raporu_2010.pdf
16. Antiel  RM et al.  Effects of duty hour restrictions on core competencies,
education, quality of life, and burnout among general surgery interns. JAMA
Surg 2013;148:448–55.
17. Hamadani FT et al.Abolishment of 24-hour continuous medical call duty in
Quebec: a quality of life survey of general surgical residents following imple-
mentation of the new work-hour restrictions. J Surg Educ 2013;70:296–303. 
18. Anderson, G., and J. Horvath. 2004. The growing burden of chronic disease
in America. Public Health Reports 119(3):263–270
19. Kozak, L. J., C. J. DeFrances, and M. J. Hall. 2006. National hospital dis-
charge survey: 2004 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure
data. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
20. Montgomery A. The inevitability of physician burnout: Implications for in-
terventions. Burnout Research. 1.1. June 2014
Mattar C., Washington University in St Louis, USA
Deputy Chair, Junior Doctors Network,
Runyan A.,Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
Tun W.,
University of Medicine, Yangoun, Myanmar
Communications Officer, Junior Doctors Network,
Ehsen F., University of Marmara, Turkey
Wiley E, University of Maryland, USA
Socio-medical Affairs Officer, Junior Doctors Network
Pereira Ian, Queen’s University, Canada
Education Officer, Junior Doctors Network
Corresponding Author Mattar Caline
E-mail: cmattar@dom.wustl.edu
Order of Physicians of Albania
Office bearers
Dr. Din ABAZAJ – President
Prof. Ruzhdie QAFMOLLA – Vice-President
Dr. Shaqir KRASTA – General Secretary
Ms. Kontilia RAPO – Vice General Secretary
Membership: By the law No. 8615 date 1.06.2000 “For the Order of
Physicians in the Republic of Albania”,all the doctors and the dentists
to practice the profession must be registered (mandatory) to the Order
and have a individual license which is issued for a term of 5 years.
The mission of the Order of Physicians of Albania is the preserva-
tion of high standards on the formation and exercise of medical pro-
fessions and protection of patients and public from the malpractice
of health services.
For the accomplishment of this mission the Order of Physicians of
Albania, it:
• accomplishes the registration and maintains the doctor’s register
for the exercise of their profession;
• supervises the implementation of the professional obligations in
accordance with the requests of medical sciences, rules of ethics
and Medical Deontological Code;
• assures the ethic,moral and deontological guidance of the doctors
and dentists communities, the independence of exercising of the
medical profession according to the standards and protects the
moral interests of this profession;
100
• protects the interests of the patients and public from the misuse of
health services and violations of the Deontological Medical Code;
• collaborates for assuring the progressive development of the pro-
fessional standards on the health services, for the planning and
drafting of the medical programs, post university specialization,
education and continuous qualification of doctors;
• gives or forbids the individual’s permission for the exercise of this
profession.
The main structures of the Order of Physicians of Albania are:
• Assemblies; (General and Regional)
• Councils; (National and Regional)
• Disciplinary Commissions;
• Department for the Registration and Licensing.
• Other permanent and ad-hoc commissions
(Urdhri i Mjekeve te Shqiperise)
Rr. “Belul Hatibi”, Poliklinika No.10, Tirana, Albania
American Medical Association
Robert M. Wah, MD, President
Steven J. Stack, MD, President Elect
Ardis D. Hoven, MD, Immediate Past President
Andrew W. Gurman, MD, Speaker
Susan R. Bailey, MD, Vice Speaker
Barbara L. McAneny, MD, Chair
James L. Madara, MD, CEO and Executive Vice President
Mission: To promote the art and science of medicine and the bet-
terment of public health.
Our guiding principles set the aspirations that we endeavor to
achieve:
• AMA is one enterprise, highly capable, well coordinated and fo-
cused on high impact results.
• AMA believes that there is a national imperative to chart a suc-
cessful course for health care delivery that will improve the health
of the nation.
• AMA embraces the need for change and believes physician lead-
ership is critical to the successful evolution of health care in a
patient focused delivery system.
• AMA will build on its legacy of leading physician ethics, setting
standards for medical education, and advancing medical science
to serve as the premier voice for the core values of the medical
profession.
• AMA has the unique combination of talent with practical skills
and intellectual capabilities, the financial resources, and influen-
tial multi-sector relationships to be a leading voice in the trans-
formation of health care.
The AMA has a robust House of Delegates consisting of represen-
tation from every State and medical society,a solid base of physician
members, a thriving advocacy influence, the most revered journals
and resources in medicine, and respected practice tools.
Together, we can shape a better, healthier future – not just for pa-
tients and physicians, but for the country as a whole.
330 N. Wabash, Suite 39300, Chicago, Illinois USA 60611
http://www.ama-assn.org
The Australian Medical
Association (AMA)
Office Bearers:
AMA President; Associate Professor Brian Owler, a Neurosurgeon
based in Sydney, Australia
AMA Vice President; Dr Stephen Parnis, an Emergency Physician
based in Melbourne, Australia
The AMA is the peak representative and advocacy body for all reg-
istered medical practitioners and medical students in Australia.
Medical students can join the AMA for free and are supported with
advocacy, lobbying and mentoring.
AMA membership provides political representation, political and
professional lobbying, media commentary, public health advocacy,
workplace representation and advice, career advice and support, in-
dustrial relations expertise and craft group representation.
Members shape and debate current issues facing the medical work-
force and patients. Policies are developed at the association’s annual
National Conference
The prestigious Medical Journal of Australia keeps members informed
of the Association’s work and provides a major commitment to medi-
cal research and education.The Medical Journal of Australia celebrat-
ed its 100th anniversary in 2014.The monthly publication Australian
Medicine also keeps members up to date with the latest in health news.
The AMA keeps in regular contact with a large number of politi-
cians, political parties and government ministers. It frequently pres-
ents submissions to, and appears before, committees inquiring into
health issues.
It is also represented on a number of government committees, en-
suring that the voice of the profession is heard well before decisions
are made. It also keeps politicians informed about the views of the
profession in order to help achieve better health outcomes for all
Australians.
NMA news
101
The AMA frequently runs campaigns to influence government de-
cisions, which it believes may not be in the country’s best interests.
All policies and advocacy by the AMA is in the interests of the
medical profession and patients.
AMA House, 42 Macquarie street, Barton ACT Australia 2600
Anne Trimmer Secretary General
Ph: 61 2 6270 5460; Fx: 61 2 6270 5499
E-mail: atrimmer@ama.com.au
ama.com.au
Austrian Medical Chamber
(ÖÄK – Österreichische Ärztekammer)
Office Bearers
President: Dr. Artur Wechselberger
Vice Presidents: Dr. Karl Forstner, Dr. Harald Mayer, Dr. Johannes
Steinhart
International Affairs: Dr. Reiner Brettenthaler, Presidential Officer
Directors: Dr. Lukas Stärker, Dr. Johannes Zahrl
Membership:According to the Austrian Medical Act, the Austrian
Medical Chamber represents the professional, social and economic
interests of all doctors engaged in medical activities in Austria. Fur-
thermore, it acts as umbrella association under public law for its
nine members, the medical chambers in the Austrian provinces.
Membership is obligatory for every doctor wishing to pursue medi-
cal activities in Austria.
Activities: Legal responsibilities of the Austrian Medical Cham-
ber include, besides others, admission to and administration of the
medical register, as well as recognizing foreign medical qualifica-
tions. Furthermore, the Austrian Medical Chamber is the com-
petent authority for issuing medical diplomas and for conducting
specialist and GP qualifying exams. The elaboration of concepts,
expert opinions and proposals regarding the Austrian health care
system, including the right to comment on draft bills or enacting
guidelines on medical fees, on the medical code of conduct etc., as
well as concluding contracts with social insurance institutions and
collective agreements, and executing disciplinary legislation and ar-
bitration also belong to the responsibilities of the Austrian Medical
Chamber. Moreover, the Chamber is involved in the elaboration of
specialist and GP training programs, and it also has its own institu-
tion offering CME/CPD for Austrian medical doctors.
Current topics of interest include the reform of primary health care
in Austria, the Electronic Health Record (ELGA), and the current
shortage of country doctors.Besides various media activities on cur-
rent political issues, the Austrian Medical Chamber lately hosted
two events widely covered by the media: A conference in celebra-
tion of the 40th
anniversary of the “Mutter-Kind-Pass” (“Mother
and Child-Health Record Book”), a then revolutionary prevention
program for both mother and child, and an international congress
dealing with the situation of doctors in rural areas.
Weihburggasse 10–12, 1010 Wien, Austria
Bangladesh Medical Association
(BMA)
Office Bearers (2012-2014):
President: Dr. Mahmud Hasan
Secretary General: Dr. M. Iqbal Arslan
International Affairs Secretary: Dr. Md. Abul Hashem Khan
Membership: BMA offers five category of membership i.e.General
Membership, Honorary Membership, Life Membership, Associate
Membership & Concerned Membership. Bangladeshi residence
any medical doctor whose MBBS or equivalent degree accredited
by Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council (BM&DC) can join the
Bangladesh Medical Association as a General or Life member.
Services provided: Members are entitled to attend meetings of
the association where matters of professional interest are discussed.
They can also take part in continuing professional development ac-
tivities and social services provided by the association.They also get
copies of journal and other publications of association.
Activities (some examples):
• With Members: as above.
• With the Public: Interactions with the press regarding profes-
sional activities and doctor patient relationship are regularly held.
Free clinics are run by the association and its members.
• With the Governments: Regular interactions are held with the
officials of Ministry of Health,regarding health policy,health ser-
vice delivery and professional interest of doctors.
• With the Media: Press releases related to health issues of public
interest,promotion of debates related to health policies,education
on health related issues.
BMA Bhaban, 15/2 Topkhana Road, Dhaka-1000
Phone: +88-02-9568714, 9562527
Fax : +88-02-9566060
E-mail: bma.org.bd@gmail.com
www.bma.org.bd
NMA news
102
Association Belge des Syndicats
Médicaux
President: Dr. R. LEMYE
Vice-President: Drs. M. Moens – L. De Clercq – J. de Toeuf –
M. Vermeylen
Secretaries-General: Drs. M. Masson – Y. Louis
Treasurer: Dr. L. Deflandre – Head of International Affairs:
Dr. B. Maillet
Activities: The ABSyM/BVAS (Belgian Association of Medical
Unions) was created in 1963 as a reaction to the decision of the
government to oblige the medical profession to be regulated by the
Belgian State. Belgian physicians thought that this system could
not match their medical ethics which is based on a doctor-patient
relationship of trust implying free choice of a doctor by a patient,
doctor’s therapeutic freedom as well as secrecy.The rules and legisla-
tion established by the State affected those principles.
Quite rapidly, physicians from all over the country get organized
and created doctor’s associations on the ground. Those associations
federated and developed necessary means to deal with conflicting
situations. This association that is presently called ABSyM/BVAS
was the successor of the former Belgian Medical Federation (Fé-
dération Médicale Belge – FMB) which was unable to organize a
resistance movement.The conflict raised the year after,in 1964,with
a medical strike that lasted nearly one month and had been very
well planned.The medical corps, organized as an emergency doctor
service, then proposed nothing more than depersonalized care, ac-
cording to the modalities and procedures the government wanted to
establish. As the conflict got worse and since the government had
decided to requisition the physicians, the ABSyM/BVAS launched
a “luggage”operation. Most of the physicians went abroad to escape
the potential requisitions.This operation brought the government to
give in on this issue. The conflict led to some agreements that fore-
saw an annual collaboration system which allowed the coexistence
of a medical private practice and a social financing. This annual or
biennial agreements’ system is still ongoing although it has been
dealing with many problems and had to tackle the evolution of the
medical profession in which it is often difficult to fully preserve the
Hippocratic principles. Let’s think about the control over expendi-
ture, the necessity of teamwork but also the exchange of data which
is the inevitable consequence to reach the necessary balance.
The ABSyM/BVAS did not only focus on union defense. It has
been firmly committed in the defense of patients’ interests and dia-
logue with them, who have also formed associations. The ABSyM/
BVAS has been committed in the quality of care thanks to an incen-
tive system rather than restraints and sanctions. Furthermore, the
ABSyM/BVAS gives priority to security and patients’ rights and
also organizes direct dialogue with other health care professionals
(pharmacists, dentists, nurses, physiotherapists…). It also takes care
of the working conditions of physicians and their health. Its sphere
of activity is as extended as the one of associations but in the mean-
time, it also preserves means of action when the negotiation shows
no signs of good results.The Belgian “defederalization”which is cur-
rently ongoing gives the ABSyM/BVAS new concerns, especially
since it remains one of the few unitary organizations in the country.
Nevertheless, the strongly professionalized ABSyM/BVAS is look-
ing to the future with confidence.
Chaussée de la Hulpe 150, B – 1170 Bruxelles
Phone: +32 2/644 12 88
E-mail: info@absym-bvas.be
www.absym-bvas.be
Brazilian Medical Association
(AMB)
Office Bearers (2011–2014):
President: Florentino de Araujo Cardoso
1st
Vice-President: Jorge Carlos Machado Curi
2nd
Vice-President: Newton Monteiro de Barros
General Secretary: Aldemir Humberto Soares
1st
Secretary: Antonio Jorge Salomão
1st
Tresurer: José Luiz Bonamigo Filho
2nd
Treasurer: Murilo Rezende de Melo
Director of International Affairs: Miguel Roberto Jorge
Junior Doctors Representative: Nívio Lemos Moreira Junior
Membership: Any medical doctor from all States of Brazil can join
the Brazilian Medical Association as a regular member if he/she is
a regular member of the respective State Medical Association affili-
ated to the AMB.
Services provided: The main services provided by the AMB to their
membership are a Board Certification jointly with the respective
Specialty Society as well as its periodical renew, the Brazilian Hi-
erarchical Classification of Medical Procedures and related mini-
mum medical fees, news and scientific publications, representation
of their interests in national and international forums.
Activities:
• With Members: a Continuing Medical Education Program, the
Evidence Based Medical Guidelines Project.
• With the Public: Salve Saúde (Cheers Health) Campaign to pro-
mote healthy habits and the prevention of Non Communicable
Chronic
NMA news
103
Diseases
• With the Governments: a Law Proposal to increase yearly fund-
ing for health to a minimum of 10% of the GDP, lobby at the
Ministry of Education for quality control when approving new
and inspecting existent medical schools, lobby at the Ministry of
Health for adoption of a medical career in the public services.
• With the Media: press releases related to health issues of public
interest,promotion of debates related to health policies,education
on health related issues.
• With Strategic Partners: special programs with pharmaceutical
and health insurance companies, and financial institutions aiming
to promote health information to the public as well as to provide
free access to scientific publications to Brazilian physicians.
Rua São Carlos do Pinhal 324, CEP 01333-903, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
+55 11 3178 6800
E-mail: rinternacional@amb.org.br; www.amb.org.br
British Medical Association
Chair of Council, Dr. Mark Porter
Chair of Representative Body, Dr. Ian Wilson
Treasurer, Dr Andrew Dearden
Chief Executive, Mr. Keith Ward
Membership is open to anyone registered to undertake a medical
undergraduate course leading to a licence with the GMC to practice
medicine and to anyone eligible for registration with the General
Medical Council, and for those with qualifications allowing reg-
istration in the area or region where they work. Applications are
normally made online at www.bma.org.uk
The BMA is a trade union, not part of the Trades Union Congress
and with no party political affiliation. We are also a voluntary pro-
fessional association, a medical publisher (the BMJ and its various
journals and e learning resources) and a company limited by guaran-
tee. The core membership offering includes free access to the BMJ,
to a wide variety of e learning resources, to trade union support if in
employment difficulties (and equivalent support for those members
who are employers) and to guidance on professional matters includ-
ing ethics and to an extensive library increasingly available electron-
ically. Many members are actively engaged with the BMA through
local,regional and national structures,helping to make policy and to
promote that policy to the public and to governments.
The Association is an influential and active advocate, for the health
of the public in the UK and elsewhere. This includes advocacy on
matters such as tobacco use and alcohol abuse, as well as on the
availability of comprehensive health care through the National
Health Service. We engage with members on all matters of health
and health care policy, as well as working with and for members on
matters such as their employment conditions, and training organ-
isation and opportunities.
We are formally recognised to negotiate contracts of employment,
including pay, for doctors with the Government and health service
bodies, and are interlocutors with government on legislation, reg-
ulation and other actions that will affect the public, patients and
their care.We use a social determinants of health approach to public
health advocacy, pointing out to the four governments within the
United Kingdom the impact of their decisions on health and well
being expectations.The Media ask the BMA to express the views of
doctors on all and every health issue,including health service organ-
isation and to explain major health issues of the day to the public.
We engage in strategic partnerships with many others on matters of
interest – including for example social determinants of health, to-
bacco control, protection and promotion of an integrated and com-
prehensive health care system and promoting a healthy childhood
for all children.
BMA House, Tavistock Square,
London WC1H 9JP, UK
President, Professor the Baroness Ilora Finlay
Canadian Medical Association
The Canadian Medical Association is a national, voluntary associa-
tion of physicians that advocates on behalf of its members and the
public for access to high-quality health care. The CMA also pro-
vides leadership and guidance to physicians.
The CMA was formed in Quebec City in 1867, just three months
after the birth of Canada. It was created by 164 physicians who
recognized the need for a national medical body. They selected Sir
Charles Tupper, who would later serve as Canada’s prime minister,
as the first president. Plans are currently underway to celebrate the
150th
anniversary of the association in Quebec City in August 2017
at the CMA’s annual General Council meeting, which is held every
year in August. This meeting is traditionally attended by interna-
tional guests from the WMA and other national medical associa-
tions.
Today the CMA has more than 80,000 members,and lobbies vigor-
ously on behalf of both members and their patients – on Ottawa’s
Parliament Hill, during federal election campaigns and in the me-
dia.
The CMA also takes the lead on public health issues. The CMA’s
goal is to ensure the survival and robust health of Canada’s medicare
system in the face of numerous challenges.
The CMA has been an active participant in the World Medical As-
sociation since the founding of the WMA in 1947.There have been
two Canadian Presidents of the WMA, most recently Dr.  Dana
NMA news
104
Hanson in 2009 – 2010. The current CMA representative to the
WMA Council is Dr. Andre Bernard. The CMA continues to be
actively engaged with the work of the WMA on many fronts, in-
cluding serving as Chair of the advocacy advisory group and the
working group on person centered medicine.
Through its Office of Ethics, Professionalism and International Af-
fairs, the CMA contributes to several international initiatives, par-
ticularly in the area of medical ethics. It achieves this through its
work with the WMA as well as other organizations such as the
World Health Organization and the International Committee of
the Red Cross. The CMA’s previous ethics director, Dr. John Wil-
liams, also served in this role at the WMA, while the current Ex-
ecutive Director of the Office, Dr. Jeff Blackmer, now serves as the
primary ethics advisor to the WMA.
The CMA’s Mission, Vision and Values are as follows:
Mission. Helping physicians care for patients.
Vision. The CMA will be the leader in engaging and serving physi-
cians, and the national voice for the highest standards for health
and health care.
Values: We are known for…
• Professionalism. Uniting physicians on fundamental tenets impor-
tant to the medical profession.
• Integrity. Honesty in representing our members and conducting
our business.
• Compassion. Caring for physicians, patients and each other.
• Community building. Bringing diverse communities together to
pursue common goals.
Dr. Jeff Blackmer MD MHSc FRCPC Executive Director
Office of Ethics, Professionalism and International Affairs
Chinese Medical Association
Office Bearers
President: Dr. CHEN Zhu (2010–2015)
Secretary General: Dr. LIU Yanfei
Mission:
Uniting Medical Professionals, Upholding Medical Ethics and
Promoting Social Justice Chinese Medical Association (CMA) is
a non-profit national professional organization in China. It is an
important social force in the development of medical science and
technology and a linkage between the government and the medi-
cal professionals. Established in 1915, CMA now has 87 specialty
societies. CMA has joined 40 International Organizations and in
the year 1947, CMA became a member of the World Medical As-
sociation. CMA publishes 162 medical journals including online
electronic journals and makes several hundred kinds of audio-visual
products. It organizes more than 200 domestic and/or international
conferences each year.
42 Dongsi Xidajie, 100710, Beijing, China
E-mail: intl@cma.org.cn
Conseil National De L’ordre Des
Medecins (CNOM)
Office Bearers (2008–2014)
President: Mbutuku Mbambi Antoine
Vice-President: Kaswa Kasiama Jean
1st
Secretary: Sese Ndele Henri
2st
Secretary: Ebondo Ngoie Symphorien
Treasurer: Beya Luiza Marie
Membership: Any medical doctor from all States & can join the
DRC Medical Council as a regular member if he/she has an in-
scription to the CNOM.
Services provided: The main services provided by the CNOM to
their membership are a Board Certification jointly with the respec-
tive Specialty Society as well as its periodical renew, the Congolese
Hierarchical Classification of Medical Procedures and related mini-
mum medical fees, news and scientific publications, representation
of their interests in national and international forums.
Activities
• With Members: a Continuing Medical Education Program, the
Evidence Based Medical Guidelines Project.
• With the Public: Salve Saúde (Cheers Health) Campaign to pro-
mote healthy habits and the prevention of Non Communicable
Chronic Diseases.
• With the Governments: with the Ministry of Education for qual-
ity control when approving new and inspecting existent medical
schools,lobby at the Ministry of Health for adoption of a medical
career in the public services.
• With the Media: press releases related to health issues of public
interest,promotion of debates related to health policies,education
on health related issues.
• With Strategic Partners: special programs with pharmaceutical
and health insurance companies, and financial institutions aiming
to promote health information to the public as well as to provide
free access to scientific publications to Congolese physicians.
N° 17 Avenue Enseignement, Kasavubu/Kinshasa/RD Congo
Phone: +243 818128510
E-mail: cnomrdcongo@gmail.com; www.cnom-rdcongo.org
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National Medical Union
of Costa Rica
Office Bearers (2012–2014)
President: Dr. Edwin Solano Alfaro
Vice-President: Dr. Alexis Castillo Gutiérrez
Secretary of Minutes & Correspondence: Karim Rojas Herrera
Secretary of Labor Affairs: Carlos Delgado Jiménez
Treasurer: Dr. Johnny Rojas Quiros
Secretary of information: Dra. Patricia Nunez Fallas
Secretary of International Affairs Dr. Xinia María Ávila Matamoros
Secretary of education Dr. Manuel Rosales Caamaño
Secretary of organization DRA. Liliana Vargas Pérez
Board Member I Dra. Rita Maria Vargas Arias
Board Member II Dr. Catalina Morales Alpízar
Board Member III Dr. María de los Angeles Rodriguez Masis
Monitoring Member Dr. José Alberto Méndez Elizondo
Membership: Any physician who is enrolled in the Colegio de
Medicos Y Cirujanos de Costa Rica can be affiliated as a member
on a voluntary basis to Union Medica Nacional, currently 70% of
doctors nationwide are affiliated.
Services provided: Legal Counsel in the field of labor law, admin-
istrative law, criminal law and mal practice. It boasts a service shop
facilities for the affiliate, retirement fund and union related repre-
sentation in case of conflicts regarding conditions of the medical
employment.
Activities (some examples)
Assemblies with affiliates twice a year, two annual national councils
of Directors of local councils, lectures nationwide that envelope dif-
ferent labor union issues and information related to the Board of
Directors, we have different commissions with Costa Rican gov-
ernment members for the study of problems regarding the medi-
cal labor, also specific and follow-up of the Costa Rican legislation
regarding issues that will or can affect the affiliates.
• With Members: a Continuing Medical Education Program, the
Evidence Based Medical Guidelines Project, also discussion of
related affairs, concerning their labor conditions.
• With the Public: weekly program on television with interviews to
different affiliates, regarding their experiences of physicians na-
tionwide,as an example doctors working on rural areas and bring-
ing their knowledge and medicines to this areas.
• With the Government: Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social,
Instituto Nacional de Seguros, Ministerio de Salud, Ministe-
rio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Dirección de Servicio Civ-
il, Asamblea Legislativa, Ministerio de Hacienda, y el Poder
Ejecutivo.
• With the Media: Publications in different newspapers and maga-
zines, conferences press, interviews and discussions about trade
unionism, live interviews on radio and television.
• With Strategic Partners:: Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de
Costa Rica, Sindicato de Médicos Especialistas, Sindicato de
Profesionales en Ciencias Médicas, Unión Nacional de Emplea-
dos de la CCSS, Asociación Nacional de Profesionales en Efer-
mería, Bancos Estatales, companies.
San José Costa Rica.
SabanaSur,100meterstotheEastoftheMinisteriodeAgriculturayGanaderia.
Phone: (+ 2290–5490)
E-mail: unmedica@racsa.co.cr; www.unionmedica.com
National Order of Physicians of
Cote d’Ivoire
The National Order of Physicians of Cote d’Ivoire regulator Medi-
cal Corporation has a status Institution of the Republic by the law
60–284 of 10 September 1960.
The law has defined it three (03) main tasks:
1. Administrative, for the registration of doctors all over the coun-
try through the Departmental Councils with regional vocation
2. Disciplinary by the jurisdiction to try and punish doctors across
the disciplinary courts at both Departmental Councils and the
National Council.
3. Aid works and retirement for doctors to preserve the reputation of
the Corporation by medical social actions (residential acquisitions,
vehicles, various equipments, membership social mutual funds).
Beyond these national activities, ONMCI is mainly engaged in
extra-national activities:
• Writing a Harmonized Code of Ethics and Conduct for medical
space West African States (ECOWAS), comprising nearly three
hundred (300) million people – five (15) countries – three (03)
languages (Portuguese – English -French)
• Participation and elaboration in the West African Organization
(WAHO) the harmonization of training curricula of general
medicine and medical specialties,the presence of ONMCI within
the Regional Council for the Training of Health Professionals
(RCTHP), Board responsible for developing and issuing accredi-
tation to training structures healthy.
The wish of ONMCI would like that these advances regionally
West Africa can inspire the other physicians States in the region of
Central Africa, grouped within the Economic Community of Cen-
tral African States (ECCAS).
AKA Dr. Kroo Florent
President of the National Council of ONMCI
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Czech Medical Association
(CzMA)
The CzMA is a voluntary and independent organization of medical
doctors, pharmacists and other workers in the healthcare services
and related fields in the Czech Republic.
The number of our members has been gradually rising since 1989
when the CzMA became a democratic institution with democrat-
ically elected president and council. The members of the CzMA
are affiliated on basis of their specialities in particular scientific
societies. In larger cities the doctors organize local medical clubs.
One hundered twenty scientific societes and 40 local medical
clubs currently work within CzMA. Both Czech citizens and for-
eigners may become members of the CzMA. As the CzMA has
slowly gained popularity number of its members reached more
than 34 000. It represents almost 90 per cent of all doctors in the
republic.
The history of the CzMA dates back to 1860 and is closely linked
with the founder Jan Evangelista Purkyne (1787–1869), a world
renowned scientist in physiology. His name gives prestige to the
name of our Association and helps us to hand down the traditions
of the humane and scientific legacy.The aim of J. E. Purkyne and his
colleagues was,above all,the development and promotion of knowl-
edge in medical sciences and related fields and their application in
health care for people. These fundamental aims remain unchanged
to the present time.
The CZMA is involved in postgraduate and continuing medical
education in almost all fields of medicine, in organizing national
and international congresses, symposia, courses as well as in promo-
tion of effective health care.
The CzMA has also close relations with European and medical as-
sociations worldwide. Of these the most important cooperation has
been with the World Medical Association (WMA). The president
of the CzMA has participated in most of its Council meetings and
General assemblies.The Helsinki Declaration has been translated in
Czech by the CzMA and published in the Czech Medical Journal
(both the Seoul and Fortaleza versions).
Thanks to its reputation the CzMA also grants awards and prizes
which are received with the respect they deserve.
Professor Jaroslav Blahoš, M.D., D.Sc.
President Czech Medical Association J. E. Purkyne
Former WMA president
Danish Medical Association (DMA)
Office Bearers
Dr. Mads Koch Hansen, President
Dr. Jette Dam-Hansen,Vice-President
Dr. Andreas Rudkjøbing, Chair of International Committee
Bente Hyldahl Fogh, CEO
Membership: Nearly all Danish doctors are members of the DMA.
The total number of members as on January 1 2014: 27.090. This
means that 97 percent of the doctors authorized to practice in Den-
mark are members of the DMA.
Objectives:The specific objectives of the DMA are to unite Danish
doctors in order to protect the interests of the medical profession.
DMA serves as the body through which the influence of the medi-
cal profession may be exercised in the society on issues related to
sickness and health and in general support the medical profession.
Activities: Subjects as better treatment for psychiatric patients,
quality in treatment, patient data security, emergency patients
and antibiotic resistance among others are right now high on the
agenda in the DMA. Related to the doctors we work with CPD,
patient complaint systems and autonomy. DMA exerts its influence
through various channels, including formal governmental hear-
ings, corporations, representations in committees, partnerships with
other organisations, networking and lobbying activities. DMA also
works through the media – in an increasing degree the social media
(Facebook and Twitter) which gives a direct access to our members
and creates an opportunity to interact with the members.DMA also
publishes a scientific journal on the website (ugeskriftet.dk) and ev-
ery second week on paper.It also serves as a channel for information
for members and society. DMA supports our members with differ-
ent kinds of advice and services regarding their daily life as doctors
and their obligation to be continuously professional educated.
Kristianiagade 12, DK-2100 Copenhagen
www.laeger.dk
www.ugeskriftet.dk
Finnish Medical Association (FMA)
Office Bearers
Dr.Tuula Rajaniemi (President)
Dr. Heikki Pälve (CEO)
Dr. Hannu Halila (Vice-CEO)
Ms. Mervi Kattelus (Health Policy Adviser, International Affairs)
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107
The FMA employs approximately 70 people (including Finnish
Medical Journal)
Membership: The Finnish Medical Association, established in
1910, is a professional organization of which almost all (94%) doc-
tors practicing in Finland are members. Membership is voluntary
and available for all physicians practicing in Finland. In the begin-
ning of 2014 the number of members was 24 600.
The FMA binds its members together to support common values
(advancement of medical expertise, humanity, ethics, and collegial-
ity), and represents their common professional, social and economic
interests. Member services include a patient injury and liability in-
surance, legal advice, membership in unemployment fund, CPD/
CME-training, network of trusted physicians, Finnish Medical
Network (Fimnet) Internet portal, and grants for training, research
and for international co-operation.Members are also offered certain
products, discounts and social activities.
Activities
• We involve our members at regional and local level to participate
policy-making of the association.
• We negotiate the salaries of the physicians working in the public
sector.
• We follow actively health policy issues in the society and do ad-
vocacy work towards and together with the ministries in order to
develop health and health care system and patient´s rights in the
country.
• We provide official and reliable data concerning physician work
force both to the governmental agencies as well as to the media.
The views of the FMA are frequently quoted in the Media. The
FMA is a member of the Confederation of Unions for Profes-
sional and Managerial Staff in Finland (AKAVA).
P.O. Box 49 (Mäkelänkatu 2 A)
FI-00510 Helsinki, Finland
www.laakariliitto.fi
The French Medical Council
The French Medical Council in a nutshell
The French Medical Council brings together all doctors in France
whatever their speciality and their mode of practice, defends the
honor,protects the independance and represents the medical profes-
sion. By taking on a moral, administrative, consultative, mediation
and jurisdictional role, the French Medical Council is the guarantor
of the doctor/patient relationship. The commitment of the French
Medical Council in its everyday activities is being at the service of
doctors in the best interest of patients.
• The French Medical Council is a private body charged with a
public service obligation whose existence is established in the
French Code of Public Health.
• In France, doctors must be registered to be allowed to provide
items of medical service.According to the French Law,the French
Medical Council is the one managing the whole process of regis-
tration of doctors (including the establishment and maintenance
of the official register of doctors), monitoring their conditions of
practice as well as taking care of the recognition of their profes-
sional qualifications.
• The French Medical Council consists of one Departmental Coun-
cil per French Department (95 in total), one Regional Council
per French Region (22 in total). The French National Council
is made up of 54 members (from each Region), elected by the
Departmental Councils, a member appointed by the Academy of
Medicine, and a Councillor of State appointed by the Minister
of Justice.
• Members of the National Council meet in four different sections:
Ethics and good medical practice, Professional practice, Medical
training and competence and Public health and medical demog-
raphy.
• The Council write and update the French Code of Medical Eth-
ics,which is an integral part of the French National Code of Pub-
lic Health.
• The French Medical Council also acts as a disciplinary body for
doctors
• The Council has set up 2 Delegations: one for internal affairs (to
support and oversee the Departmental and Regional Councils)
and one for European and International Affairs (DAEI) (to work
with other European and international bodies).
European and International Commitments 
• Since 2012, the French Medical Council is an official member of
the World Medical Association
Xavier Deau President
of the International
Relations Delegation
and President-Elect
of the WMA
Patrick Bouet
President of the French
Medical Council
Walter Vorhauer
Secretary General of
the French Medical
Council and Council
Member of the WMA
NMA news
108
• The French Medical Council runs the General Secretariat of:
– The European Council of Medical Orders (CEOM) which
brings together Medical Councils and regulatory bodies from
16 European Ccountries. It aims at promoting the practice at
European level of high quality medicine respectful of patients’
needs
– The Conference of Medical Councils from French-speaking
countries (CFOM) which is a collegial forum for discussion
among medical regulatory bodies from French-speaking coun-
tries.
Brussels representative office
The French Medical Council opened in 2008 a representative of-
fice to the European Institutions in Brussels in order to closely
monitor European legislation on health. Since 2011, this office
has been shared with the Spanish, Italian and Portuguese Medical
Councils.
Georgian Medical Association
Office Bearers:
Prof. Gia Lobzhanidze M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D. – Chairman of the Di-
rectors Board
Gia Tsilosani M.D., Ph.D.– Vice Chairman of the Directors
Board
Zaza Khachiperadze M.D. – Secretary-General
Prof.Besarion Kilasonia M.D.,Ph.D.,Sc.D.– Past Honorary President
Prof. Dimitri Kordzaia M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D. – Honorary President
Tamaz Maglakelidze M.D.,Ph.D.,Sc.D.– Honorary President-Elect
Lia Kovziridze – Treasurer
Ketevan Medvedskaia – Office Manager
Membership: Voluntary; Total Number of Members: 4017;
Number of Junior Doctors: 357; Number of Medical Students
(EMSA-TSU): 210
Details of who can join, how many join and what services are
available to Members:
All licensed physician practicing in Georgia, living overseas doctors,
residents and students of the Faculty of Medicine. The number of
members is unlimited.
Georgian Medical Association offers its members: continuing
medical education; Professional liability insurance; Protecting the
rights of medical personnel; Recommendation-petitions for public,
private and non-governmental agencies (in case of necessity); Par-
ticipation in the conferences and congresses with affordable prefer-
ential price, etc.; Printing articles in its journal “Georgian Medical
Journal” at reasonable prices; Active involvement in various social
programs and charity events; inclusion and participation in Re-
search and grant programs; provide support to send abroad to work
and for internship, and so forth.
Activities:
• With Members: Annual Conferences; Continuing Medical
programs; Work on guidelines and protocols; Protecting the
rights of medical personnel; Professional help in orientation
and the graduate pre- and postdiploma medical education
stages.
• With the Public: Introducing the annual number of days/week
of celebration by the World Health Organization; Delivering
Information on patients’ rights in relation to the work per-
formed; Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle and trainings; Provid-
ing free medical research and assistance to the population of
the regions; Providing benefits to medical personnel and their
family members at University Clinic to make Research and
treatment.
• With the Governments: Participation in the development and
implementation of guidelines and protocols; Participation in
compilation test questionnaires and exams in qualification and
licensing exams; Participation in different councils’ work of
medical profile; Legislative initiatives relevant to the commit-
tees of Parliament; Providing the Secondary schools with the
educational programs dedicated to a healthy lifestyle together
with the students of Tbilisi State University (TSU) Faculty of
Medicine; The expertise of incidence of medical errors and com-
plaints.
• With the Media: Participation in TV and radio programs to
discuss issues related to health; Exclusive weekly radio program
broadcast on the topical issues of interest to the population on the
actual issues; Intensive cooperation with the Press on the other
topical issues.
• Others e.g: Active participation in the rehabilitation victims of
torture; Active participation of the development of the systems
in Penitentiary institutions; Work of Ethical Council in medi-
cal researches; Foundation and management of the University
Clinic together with the TSU; The implementation of joint
programs with Tbilisi State University Faculty of Medicine;
Publishing the ‘Georgian Medical Journal” together Faculty
of Medicine of TSU; Organizing joint projects with Students
of the Faculty of Medicine of TSU; Active cooperation with
Georgia-based industry trade associations, societies, and funds;
Active involvement in the country’s domestic and international
grants; Workout and implementation of Professional Liability
insurance program across the country.
11 Budapeshti str.
0169 Tbilisi, Georgia
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The Hong Kong Medical
Association
Office Bearers (2014–2016)
President Dr. SHIH Tai Cho, Louis, JP
Vice-Presidents Dr.CHANYee Shing,Alvin,Dr.CHOW Pak Chin,JP
Hon. Secretary Dr. LAM Tzit Yuen, David
Hon.Treasurer Dr. LEUNG Chi Chiu
Immediate Past President Dr.TSE Hung Hing, JP
To Safeguard the Health of the People
Founded in 1920, the Hong Kong Medical Association brings to-
gether all medical practitioners practising in, and serving the peo-
ple of Hong Kong. The Association is managed by a Council of
28 members elected from the general membership. The Council is
assisted by over 50 standing and ad hoc committees to oversee vari-
ous issues relating to the medical profession, membership welfare
as well as public medical education. With a membership of over
10,000 which comprises the majority of registered medical practi-
tioners in Hong Kong, the Association represents the medical pro-
fession in the territory both locally and in the international scene.
In recent years, the Association promotes healthy life styles such
as safe driving, exercise for health, DASH diet, disease prevention
by vaccination and “Say No to Drugs” to the younger generation. It
also participates in various organ donation campaigns.The HKMA
spearheaded the first computerized organ donation registry in
Hong Kong in 1994.In order to pool all possible efforts,the job was
taken up by the Department of Health by setting up the Centralised
Organ Donation Register.
The medical professionals show their concern to the public not only
within but also outside their clinics and hospital wards.The Association
has been raising funds for community projects over the past 20 years
through public performances of the HKMA Choir and Orchestra.The
Hong Kong Medical Association Charitable Foundation was founded
in 2006 for better promotion and organization of charitable activities
for helping the underprivileged with special medical needs.
A Platform for the Members
The Association runs regular continuous medical education (CME)
activities in form of lectures, seminars, workshops, discussion group,
clinical attachments in hospital and exchange conference. Various
Community Networks set up by the Association have also exerted
great efforts in the training of doctors.
Every year members have the opportunity to compete with each oth-
er on arenas in various sports tournaments including badminton,golf,
snooker, squash, table-tennis, tennis, tenpin-bowling and football.
The annual Family Sports Day and the Swimming Gala are the major
sports events and well supported by members. The Association also
offers a variety of recreational and cultural activities, e.g. photography
exhibition, singing competition and gourmet dinner etc.
The Annual Ball, which is mostly held in New Year’s Eve, is defi-
nitely one of the most joyous occasions of the year. Members relish
the good food, fine music and delightful dance with their partners
and friends.
Young members, especially students are the future of the profession.
The Association organises the Career Seminar for young graduates
before they start internship. In addition, medical exchange tours to
Mainland China are hold annually for young members and medical
students for them to know about the healthcare system of China.
Besides, monthly Newsletter reporting the Association’s activities
and commenting on controversial medical issues is published to en-
hance communication between members and the HKMA Council,
and amongst the membership.
A Bridge for the Public
The Association disseminates health information to the public
through press releases, radio programmes, TV programmes, public
health awareness events, exhibitions, pamphlets and video.
To facilitate the public to find a suitable doctor, the Association
developes the Doctors Homepage which contains essential infor-
mation including doctor’s specialty and means of contact of all reg-
istered doctors in Hong Kong.
An Active Player in Hong Kong
With the unfailing support from the members, the Association
continues to speak for the profession and safeguard the health and
welfare of the public. It works closely with the Government, the
Hospital Authority (HA) and the Department of Health (DH)
on public health issues, for instance, regulation of medical proce-
dures,public-private partnership programme (PPP),revamp of HA,
Health Protection Scheme (HPS), nutrition labelling, adult and
childhood vaccination etc.
Legislative Councillor who is elected by the Medical Functional
Constituency is also invited to serve in the Council of the Associa-
tion as a representative voice.
Looking outside Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Medical Association and the Chinese Medical As-
sociation of Mainland China organize annual exchanges to promote
friendly relationship and understanding of medical development in
the two localities.
Internationally, the Association joins the medical experts worldwide
in the WMA General Assembly and the CMAAO Council Meeting
every year.
5th
Floor, Duke of Windsor Social Service Building,
15 Hennessy Road, Hong Kong
Phone: (852) 2527 8285
E-mail: hkma@hkma.org
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110
Hungarian Medical Chamber
Office Bearers (2011–2015)
President: Dr. István Éger
1st
Vice President: Prof. Dr. János Banai; 2nd
Vice President: Dr. Já-
nos Gerle; 3rd
Vice President: Dr. Attila Kováts
Secretary General: Dr. Ferenc Nagy
1st
Secratary: Dr. Gábor Hollós; 2nd
Secretary: Dr. János Lengyel
3rd
Secretary: Dr. Zsolt Pataki; 4th
Secretary: Dr. Péter Takács
Membership:Any medical doctor from all States of Hungary can join
the Hungarian Medical Chamber as a regular member.Since 1994 the
Hungarian law says all medical doctor, who is practicing have to join
the Hungarian Medical Chamber. Between 2007 and 2011 the mem-
bership temporarily was voluntary. In 2011 the law have been recon-
structed and since then the membership is mandatory.
Services Provided: The Hungarian Medical Chamber is an inde-
pendent, democratic body which preserve professional, moral and
substantial interest of doctors. Functionally it is a public body as a
representative democracy. With an open structure and influence it
serves people and people’s health.
Activities:
• With Members: A monthly newspaper with scientific and health
publications for all member of the Hungarian Medical Chamber.
• With the Public: Serves people’s health with the principle of “sal-
vation of patient is the primary law”.
• With the Governments: Law proposal and estimate, lobby at the
Ministry of Health for better medical basic services.
• With the Media: Press releases and interviews to health issues of
public interest and promotion of debates related to health policies.
• With Strategic Partners: Collaboration with Chamber of Nurses,
Chamber of Pharmacies health insurance companies and promo-
tion of public health.
Szondi street 100., Budapest 1068, Hungary,
Phone: +36–1/302–0065
Email: elnok@mok.hu; www.mok.hu
Icelandic Medical Association
(IMA)
Board of the IMA (2013–2014): Officers:
Chairman: Þorbjörn Jónsson;
Vice-chairman: Orri Þór Ormarsson;
Treasurer: Magnús Baldvinsson;
Secretary Salomé Á. Arnardóttir;
Directors: Björn Gunnarsson, Guðrún Jóhanna Georgsdóttir,
Magdalena Ásgeirsdóttir, Þórarinn Ingólfsson, Ólöf Birna Mar-
grétardóttir (appointed to the board by the Association of General
Physicians).
IMA is an umbrella organisation of physicians who are members
of the IMA‘s member associations or who have an individiual
membership to the IMA. In August 2014 there are around 1100
practising doctors in Iceland. Of these 98,5% are members of the
IMA. A total of 229 are members of the Association of Elderly
Physicians.
A large proportion of them have retired. Furthermore, several hun-
dred Icelandic doctors are living and working solely abroad, mostly
in Scandinavia.
The purpose of the IMA is according to Article 2 of its bylaws:
• To promote the status of the medical profession in Iceland and
enhance the professional development of its members.
• To safeguard the independence and interests of the medical pro-
fession.
• To work for the enhanced education of doctors of medicine
and to encourage their interest in matters pertaining to their
work.
• To promote co-operation between doctors on everything conduc-
tive to progress in publich health affairs.
• To participate in international co-operation between doctors on
common issues.
• To contribute to increased public health in Iceland and to pro-
mote policy issues in the health sector.
The IMA offers its members various assistance not least pertaining
to interpretation of collective wage agreements. Furthermore the
IMA offers its member legal assistance on matter related to their
work.Through the IMA its members have access to holiday homes,
summer houses and flats in Iceland. Furthermore the IMA‘s Fam-
ily Fund gives financial support to its members and families when
support criterias are met, such as major illness or death as well as
supporting leave due to childbirth.
When necessary the IMA voices its opinion on various issues in the
health sector both related to health care services, medical ethics and
patients‘ safety. This is done directly with dialogue with the Gov-
ernment or through the media to the general public. IMA further
expresses regularly to the Parliament its opinion on draft legisla-
tions related to health care, health care issues and patients‘ safety
and care issues.
The IMA is actively involved with cooperation with other Nordic
Medical Associations. It further takes part in the works of CPME,
UEMS and WMA.
Hlíðasmári 8, 4th
floor,
IS-200 Kópavogur, Iceland
NMA news
111
Israeli Medical Association
President: Dr Leonid Eidelman
Secretary General: Adv Leah Wapner
The Israeli Medical Association (IMA),
founded in 1912, is an independent pro-
fessional organization advocating for the
rights of physicians and patients, serving
as the official representative body of phy-
sicians and acting as an arbiter of health
policy and medical ethics in Israel. The
IMA is responsible for setting professional
norms and ensuring the highest standards
of medicine and professional integrity.
Although membership in the IMA is vol-
untary,over 90% of publicly employed physicians in Israel are mem-
bers.The IMA also acts as the umbrella association for 155 scientific
associations, societies and workgroups. The IMA’s 21,409 members
have access to educational courses, medical journal subscriptions,
legal, tax and insurance assistance, information about rights and
entitlements, scholarships, pension services, welfare activities and
more. Israel is characterized by its ethnic diversity; medical doctors
in all ethnic groups make up the members of the IMA.
The IMA Scientific Council is responsible for the planning and su-
pervision of all post-graduate training and for continuing education
programs in medicine in Israel. Their work also includes approving
medical specialist certification in 56 medical fields, accrediting hos-
pitals and clinics for medical specializations, overseeing residency
programs, devising curricula, formulating and administering exams,
accrediting departments for residency purposes and recommending
the award of specialty certificates.
The IMA Ethics Board,comprised of senior physicians from a variety
of fields, convenes on a monthly basis to discuss ethical issues aris-
ing in the field, and to approve principle decisions concerning medi-
cal ethics. The Board disseminates position papers, promotes ethical
issues, reviews complaints lodged against physicians and organizes
conferences on various issues of interest to physicians and the public.
The Ethics Board formulates the physician’s code of ethics which
is binding following the approval of the national convention. The
Ethics Board also takes positions on all major medical issues in Is-
rael, including, most recently, convening a consensus conference to
establish a position on treating prisoners participating in hunger
strikes.
Since 1995, when the National Health Insurance Act was passed,
the IMA has expanded its function to take a greater role in shaping
national health policy, influencing the legislative process and pro-
moting public health and quality assurance. Recent related activities
include hosting a “Health Day” at the Israeli Parliament and suc-
cessfully co-submitting a bill to ban smoking in public playgrounds
and within 10 meters of the entrance to kindergartens.
In 2011, citing a decline in Israel’s public health care system, the
IMA publicly announced “a mission to save public medicine,” de-
manding additional staff, more beds in hospitals, an increase in phy-
sician salaries in the periphery and incentive pay for doctors work-
ing in specialties suffering from physician shortages. After many
months of a difficult and complex struggle, marked by intensive
negotiations and strike action, on 25th
August 2011 a breakthrough
agreement was signed.The agreement included an additional almost
3 billion NIS in early funding, 1,000 new doctor positions in public
hospitals, a limit to the number of resident on-call shifts, significant
salary and hourly wage increases and financial incentives for doctors
working in the periphery and/or in specialties with severe shortages.
The IMA publishes two scientific periodicals, which are disseminat-
ed to all IMA member physicians as well as to subscribers in Israel
and abroad. Harefuah is a Hebrew medical-scientific periodical that
publishes a wide variety of articles written by the most prominent
physicians in Israel.The periodical has been published monthly since
1924. The Israel Medical Association Journal (IMAJ) is a medical-
scientific periodical in English, which publishes scientific articles in
all medical fields, written by renowned physicians from Israel and
abroad.The journal has been published monthly since 1999.
The IMA has been an active member of the World Medical Asso-
ciation since its inception, drafting and contributing to statements
and declarations and holding key offices within the organization.
The IMA sends Israeli doctors on fellowships abroad, and is also
closely connected with other NMAs and international medical or-
ganizations such as the WHO, the International Committee of the
Red Cross and others, and frequently collaborates with medical and
humanitarian efforts around the world.
2 Twin Towers, 35 Jabotinsky Street, PO Box
3566 Ramat Gan, 5213604 Israel
Japan Medical Association
Office bearers: President; Dr. Yoshitake Yokokura, Vice Presidents
(3); Dr. Kenji Matsubara and others, Board Members (13), Execu-
tive Board Members (10); Dr. Masami Ishii and others, Auditors
(3), Chair and Vice-Chair of the House of Delegates
Membership: Voluntary,166,000 members.Total number of physicians
in Japan is about 300,000.Typesof members;Founders of clinic/hospital –
about 84,000; Employed physicians – about 81,000; Residents – 825
Affiliated facilities: JMA Research Institute, Center for Clinical Tri-
als of the JMA, Woman Doctors Support Center of the JMA, and
JMA Certificate Authority
Leonid Eidelman
NMA news
112
Activities:The JMA’s activities are extensive.
With Members: Provide CME programs including JMA lecture
conferences, training program and symposium. Some of them are
e-learning. Provide the up-dated information by publication, video,
TV and radio programs. JMA medical library with about 93 thou-
sand books is open to the members.Enhance the awareness and
level of medical ethics. Assure a solid financial basis for medical
practitioners. Programs to support women doctors for their more
positive activities.
Programs for the emergency disaster countermeasures
• With the Public: Let the public know the activities of the JMA
and provide them with useful medical information about topics
such as infectious diseases, disaster medicine and emergency care
mainly by Website and TV programs.
• With the Government: By being a member of the core committees
of the Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, the JMA has a big-
ger voice in the government’s policy making process. Negotiate
with the government for securing the medical fee to ensure the
member’s professional autonomy for their steady daily practice of
medicine. Offer the government the JMA’s opinions about im-
portant health issues of community health such as the counter-
measures against an aging society
• With the media: A press conference is regularly held to provide the
media with accurate idea of the JMA about national health policy
and other important health issues as well as action programs/
plans and report of the achievements.
• Others e.g.: Strategic partnerships: Serve as Secretariat of the Con-
federation of Medical Associations in Asia and Oceania since 2001.
• JMA has been collaborating with the Harvard School of Public
Health to support the Takemi Program in International Health
which was established in 1983.
2–28–16,Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8621 Japan
National Medical Association of
the Republic of Kazakhstan
Activities
• Interaction with different ministries and bodies
• Represent the interests of the members of the NMA in govern-
mental, international and nongovernmental organizations
• Protect the rights and interests of their members upon conflict
situations, legal proceedings
• Implements publishing activity
• During 1996–2000  – prepared and issued weekly programme
“Densaulyk”(Health) onTV for population in Kazakh and Russian
• Initiated establishing of the Almaty Curative Centre, Institute
of post-graduate education for psychologists and physicians,
Chairs on “Medical psychology” and “Medical right and Bio-
ethics”
• Conducts city, republican, international conferences on actual
health problems
• Actively introduces and implements independent expertise in the
health system
• Initiates foundation of the avenue “Ave Vitae”in Almaty, devoted
to the memory of doctors-solders
• Developer of Ethical codex of physician of the RK, hymn and
oath
• Established nominations:
– The best physician of the NMA (award “Altyn Deriger”)
– The best nurse (award “Мейірім” (Miloserdie))
– The best clinic of the Year
NMA representatives are members of the National Coordination
Council on Health Care under the Government of the RK, on at-
testation, conflict situations, awards and commissions of local ex-
ecutive bodies.
International collaboration
Close contact with National Medical Associations of Europe and
Asia
1994 – Member of the European Forum of Medical Associations
1997 – Member of the Eurasian Forum of Medical Associations
2003 – Member of the World Medical Association
2003 – Member of the EFGCP
Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan,
117/1 Kazybek bi str.
Korean Medical Association
President: Dr. Choo, Moojin
Chair, Executive Committee of International Relations: Dr. Shin,
Dong Chun
KMA, established
in 1908, is a statu-
tory organization
in accordance with
the Medical Ser-
vice Act and is the
official organiza-
tion representing all
physicians in Korea. Choo, Moojin Shin, Dong Chun
NMA news
113
Under the Medical Service Act, all physicians who obtain a medi-
cal license must become a member of KMA and accordingly, KMA
currently represents more than 110,000 physicians in Korea.
KMA’s top decision-making body is the House of Delegates.Within
its organization, KMA also includes the Korean Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences with 154 medical societies as its members, the Research
Institute for Health Policy,16 regional medical associations,the mili-
tary medicine chapter and 2 overseas chapters. It also has councils
organized by occupation such as the private practice doctors’ council,
government-employed doctors’ council, hospital doctors’ council, in-
tern & resident council and public health doctors’council.
The founding goal of KMA is to contribute to the promotion of
people’s health and social welfare by enhancing medical ethics and
developing medical science and technology.
To achieve this goal, KMA has been providing its members with
a code of ethics and has been developing and researching various
training and continuing education programs. Also, at the macro-
level, KMA has been actively participating in the process of devel-
oping government’s health policies as a professional organization
based on its health policy surveys and research as a part of its efforts
to improve Korea’s health system.
Furthermore, KMA has been very active in various community ac-
tivities including medical volunteering, environmental protection,
child abuse prevention as well as medical exchange with North Ko-
rea. Recently, KMA has been focused on delivering objective and
accurate health and medical information to the public by strength-
ening its public communication efforts in order to prevent people
from becoming confused or experiencing harm due to the flood of
unverified and inaccurate medical information.
KMA publishes Doctor’s News, the official weekly newsletter for
actively communicating KMA’s activities to the public and mem-
bers and the professional medical journal, The Journal of Korean
Medical Association.
KMA will continue to strive to better serve the public and its mem-
bers by further enhancing its capabilities and through close interna-
tional cooperation.
Latvian Medical Association
President Dr. Pēteris Apinis
Vice-presidents Dr. Maris Pļaviņš, Dr. Vilnis Dzērve-Tāluts
LMA is governed by a board composed of 15 people and automati-
cally includes the President of Latvian Junior Doctors association
First medical association in Latvia was established in 1802 in Riga
but there has not been any real heredity. During the Soviet occupa-
tion (1940–1991) professional organizations were banned. 1988 is
considered the founding year of currently existing Medical associa-
tion when it began operating illegally.
LMA unites all Latvian medical specialty associations (surgeons,
anaesthesiologists, gynaecologists, etc.) as well as individual mem-
bers. Individual members receive professional medical journal “Lat-
vijas Ārsts” (Latvian Physician) monthly, take part in conferences,
congresses and other events for reduced price. Journal is a 80–96
page long journal containing only medical articles, mainly reviews.
The association publishes medical books on regular basis.
In Latvia medical professionals may practice only when they have
acquired a certificate issued by LMA.The certification in each field
is entrusted upon a dedicated committee formed by LMA in coop-
eration with specialty associations. Re-certification is required every
five years and it is automatic if the physician can present 250 further
education points (60% of them in relevant specialty).
LMA has the right of legislative initiative, thus almost all laws con-
cerning public health (restriction of smoking, alcoholism limita-
tion, trans fat limitation, etc.) are initiated and moved to parliament
LMA. A professional court operates under LMA and mainly deals
with very complex medical treatment situations.Additionally,LMA
also has an ethics committee.
The association organizes nation-wide disaster medicine training
events which take place in a different city every year. This year the
situation was “capsized and burning train coaches with 50 victims,
mostly polytrauma patients”.
Every week LMA organizes discussions on important health or medi-
cal issues which are always attended by one of the highest officials of
the Ministry.Over a year LMA organizes 20–24 conferences covering
various subjects (mainly, interdisciplinary). Latvian Congress of Phy-
sicians is held every four years. A video documentary is made before
these congresses covering the medicine in Latvia in the particular year.
LMA is actively involved in the work of WMA, CPME, EFMA.
Skolas street 3, Riga, Latvia, LV-1010, Phone: (+371)67287321
E-mail: lma@arstubiedriba.lv; www.arstubiedriba.lv
Myanmar Medical Association
President – Professor Rai Mra
Vice-President (1) – Professor Aye Aung
Vice –President (2) – Professor Myint Thaung
General Secretary – Professor Saw Win
Joint General Secretary – Dr. Khaing Soe Win
Treasurer – Professor Mya Thida
Academic Secretary – Professor Win Myat Aye
Immediate Past President – Professor Kyaw Myint Naing
Members
Professor S. Kyaw Hla; Professor Kyaw Zin Wai; Professor Thet
Khaing Win; Dr. Sein Thaung.
NMA news
114
Membership – All medical doctors registered with the Myanmar
Medical Council are eligible for membership. Pre-registration
house officers are given pre-membership.
Activities
With members – All members are eligible to attend the annual
Myanmar Medical Conference and well as all speciality con-
ferences and CME activities carried out by the association at a
reduced rate. The quarterly Myanmar Medical Journal and the
monthly newsletter are distributed free of charge to members.
Members have the privilege to use the facilities of the medical
association. All members have the right to vote at the election
for the executive council of the medical association. They also can
enter the elections as candidates.
With the public – the public is invited to attend the public health
talks and health education talks held periodically at the associa-
tion. Important health issues are discussed and disseminated to
the public.
With the government – Myanmar Medical Association takes part
in the National Health Committee meetings held by the ministry of
health.MMA is also invited by the ministry of health to take part in
discussions on important health issues concerning the public as well
as policy issues related to all doctors.
With the media- the media is invited to all important activities car-
ried out by MMA. MMA also makes television broadcasts on many
important health issues.
Others e.g. Strategic partnerships – The Myanmar Medical As-
sociation has strategic partnerships with the Ministry of Health,
Global Fund, 3MDG fund, UNFPA and Nippon foundation in
implementing public health projects on malaria and tuberculosis,
sexual and reproductive health, IUD services, youth programme,
and mobile medical services in remote areas.
No. 249, Theinbyu Road,
Mingalar Taung Nyunt Township,
Yangon, Myanmar
New Zealand Medical
Association (NZMA)
Office Bearers (2013–2015)
President: Branko Sijnja
Chair: Mark Peterson
Deputy Chair: Stephen Child
General Practitioners Council Chair: Kate Baddock
Specialists Council Chair: Harvey White
Doctors-in-Training Council Chair: Sudhvir Singh
Membership: The New Zealand Medical Association (NZMA)
is the country’s foremost pan-professional medical organisation in
New Zealand representing the collective interests of all doctors.The
NZMA’s members come from all disciplines within the medical
profession, and include specialists, general practitioners, doctors-in-
training and medical students.
Services provided: The NZMA is a strong advocate on medico-
political issues, with a strategic programme of advocacy with politi-
cians and officials at the highest levels.
The key roles of the NZMA are:
• to provide advocacy on behalf of doctors and their patients
• to provide support and services to members and their practices
• to publish and maintain the Code of Ethics for the profession
• to publish the New Zealand Medical Journal.
The NZMA works closely with many other medical and health
organisations, and provides forums that consider pan-professional
issues and policies. The NZMA has a close relationship with, and
provides support to, the New Zealand Medical Students Associa-
tion (NZMSA).
The NZMA provides administrative, advocacy and communica-
tions activities for the New Zealand Branch of the Royal Australian
and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO). It
also provides support services to the Medical Benevolent Society.
Activities (some examples)
• With Members:
– Revision of the profession’s Code of Ethics, which lays down
principles of ethical behaviour, applicable to all doctors. It also
includes recommendations for ethical practice.
– Representing member practices in employment negotiations
with the nurses’ union.
• With the Public: Tackling Obesity: a policy briefing—this publica-
tion recommended a suite of measure to be considered as part
of an approach to tackling New Zealand’s obesity epidemic. This
was a major piece of work for the NZMA, with several months’
research into the latest evidence of the harms associated with obe-
sity and on the successful ways in which these can be addressed.
• With local and central Government: Advocacy on: local alcohol
policies; support for plain packaging for tobacco products; a new
national drug policy; non-medical prescribing; health equity and
social determinants ; health structure and funding, with particular
reference to primary care
• With the Media: Press releases related to health issues of public
interest (obesity etc); promotion of debates related to health poli-
cies (fluoridation of community water supplies; alcohol policies
etc);
• With Strategic Partners: Submissions to the Medical Council
of New Zealand on reviews of advertising, cultural competence,
registration of foreign-trained doctors. Advocacy to the national
NMA news
115
funding agency for pharmaceuticals (PHARMAC) on its ap-
proach to managing hospital devices, as well as various individual
drug funding proposals; advocacy to the Pharmaceutical Society
on the draft National Pharmacist Services Framework; workforce
planning and sustainability (with Health Workforce New Zea-
land and other agencies)
L13, 39 The Terrace, Wellington 6140,
New Zealand PO Box 156, Wellington 6140
E-mail: nzma@nzma.org.nz
www.nzma.org.nz
Norwegian Medical Association
(NMA)
Office Bearers: Hege Gjessing, President, Geir Riise, Secretary
General
Who can join: All physicians with a Norwegian licence as well as
Norwegian medical students can join. At present NMA has 31 131
members.
Services available to members are: Central and locally negoti-
ated agreements concerning salaries and working conditions both
for physicians in private practice and employed physicians, provi-
sion of legal assistance to members, advice on educational matters,
leadership training as well as other courses, training and guidance
for local representatives, Internet based medical courses, projects
on quality improvement, health policy documents, reports on vari-
ous health issues etc.. The members also receive NMA’s Medical
Journal twice a month. Our Institute for Studies of the Medical
Profession produces research on physician’s career choices, psy-
chological, ethical and social aspects of doctoring, and the physi-
cian role in general.
Activities:
• With Members – NMA works close with the members on most
areas that are of importance for physicians. NMA is organised
in seven occupational branches, one student association and 45
medical societies. Locally NMA is organised in 4 regional and
19 county branches. The branches and the societies are consulted
on matters that are of importance for them.
• With the Public – Articles of public interest published in our
journal are distributed to media to be used to inform the pub-
lic about various health issues. NMA also actively raise political,
medical and societal issues considered of importance for public
health.
• With the Government – NMA cooperates closely with various
governmental bodies on subjects concerning our members such
as education, health politics, organisation of health care services,
health legislation etc.The organisation is also widely consulted on
governmental proposals concerning health related topics, medical
education and health legislation.
• With the Media – NMA has a constructive and professional
relationship with the media. Media is a possibility, not a threat.
Our strategy is to be visible in media to show our engagement in
health policy both as a professional association and as a union.We
give support to members that are negatively exposed in media and
organise courses in how to cooperate with media for representa-
tives on various levels.
• Others e.g.: Strategic partnerships – NMA has strategic partner-
ship with Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations,
Association of Pharmaceutical Industry, various health profes-
sional organisations and the labour union.
Akersgaten 2, 0107 Oslo, Norway,
E-mail: legeforeningen@legeforeningen.no
www.legeforeningen.no
Philippine Medical Association
National Officers
President: Dr. Maria Minerva P. Calimag
Vice President: Dr. Irineo C. Bernardo III
National Treasurer: Dr. Benito P. Atienza
Secretary General: Dr. Marianne L. Ordonez-Dobles
Asst. Secretary General: Atty. Jose C. Montemayor
Board of Governors
Dr. Harry G. Soller, Dr. Raul E. Echipare, Dr. Francisco
B. Ranada III, Dr. Salvador G. Silverio, Dr. Ma. Realiza
G. Henson, Dr. Evangeline F. Fabian, Dr. Rebecca W. Deduyo,
Dr.  Eduardo F. Chua, Dr. Rufino A. Bartolabac, Dr. Ma. Cristina
C. Danac-Delfin, Dr. Victor Alan A.Torrefranca, Dr. Ethel
A. Lagria, Dr. Ma. Gay M. Gonzales, Dr. Ruben O. Go,
Dr. Maria Lourdes G. Monteverde, Dr. Karen Conol-Salomon,
Dr. Angelo L. Dimaano
Membership: The PMA has 118 component medical societies,
8 Specialty Divisons, 73 Specialty Societies, and 39 Affiliate So-
cieties
It’s mission: A dynamic, responsive and united PMA, committed
to serve its members, through increased benefits, enhanced profes-
sional development, and the promotion and defense of the rights
NMA news
116
and privileges of the Medical Profession. These efforts, in partner-
ship with other organizations and the Government, shall contribute
to excellent healthcare delivery and the community at large.
“PMA: In a dedicated selfless and humane service of the Medical
Profession for a healthy Philippines and for the Glory of God”.
It’s vision: Our vision in the Association is to have a fellowship
of Physicians united in the common goal of acquiring the highest
levels of medical knowledge and skills through continuing educa-
tion and research, and to promote the healing ministrations of the
physicians in the delivery of health care of patients. The PMA is a
co-founder of the Confederation of Medical Associations of Asia
and the Oceania (CMAAO). It is also a co-founder of the Medical
Associations of Southeast Asian Nations (MASEAN).
Services Provided: Board certification through its 8 Specialty Divi-
sions; Subspecialty Training through its Specialty Societies, Annual
Conventions, symposias supervised by the PMA-CME Commis-
sion; Quarterly Newsletters, Bi-Annual Medical Journals; holding
of International Conventions.
Advocacies: Supports all government bills as the Clean Air Act,Sin
Tax Bill, and the Reproductive Health Bill.The PMA also supports
tree planting, waste management, pest control, pollution control, as
well as the safety of food and consumer products.
Activities and Events
• With the members: Continuing Medical Education through its
Regional Assemblies, Annual Conventions by it’s specialty divi-
sions, specialty and affiliate and component societies.
• With the Public: Health Information on vital health issues, Lay
Fora on Nutrition, Non-communicable diseases, and emergency
and disaster information. Adopt a Barangay Project of compo-
nent medical societies, nutrition feeding programs and lectures.
• With the Government: supports the government on all bills
advantageous to public health and to the community, supports
programs of the Department of Health, Philippine Health In-
surance Corporation and the Professional Regulation Commis-
sion.
• With the Media: regular media releases and press conferences on
health issues and health policies of the Association.
• With Strategic Partners: special programs with Pharmaceutical
Companies and Allied Professionals, in reaching out to all com-
munities, and to our members.
North Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines 1105
+632–929–7361;
Telefax: +632–929–6951
E-mail: philmedas@yahoo.com;
info@philippinemedicalassociation.org
Polish Supreme Chamber of
Physicians and Dentists
(Naczelna Izba Lekarska)
Office Bearers (2014–2018)
President of the Supreme Medical Council: Maciej Hamankiewicz
Vice-Presidents: Romuald Krajewski, Zyta Kaźmierczak-Zagórska,
Agnieszka Ruchała-Tyszler (dental practitioner)
Secretary: Konstanty Radziwiłł
Deputy Secretary: Anna Lella (dental practitioner)
Treasurer: Wojciech Marquardt
The Polish (Supreme) Chamber of Physicians and Dentists (Nac-
zelna Izba Lekarska) and the regional chambers of physicians and
dentists (okręgowe izby lekarskie) are the organizational bodies of
the professional self-government of physicians and dental practitio-
ners in Poland who are associated in the chambers with equal status.
The professional self-government of physicians and dental practi-
tioners in Poland was founded in 1922, dissolved in 1952 and rees-
tablished in 1989.
There are 23 regional chambers and a separate chamber of military
physicians and dentists that has legal status of the regional chamber
although it is active in the entire country.
Every physician and every dental practitioner who holds the right to
practice the profession in Poland is a member of one of the regional
chambers by virtue of the law.
Currently the joint self-government associates 178  000 physicians
and dentists in Poland, including appr. 125 000 practicing physicians.
The highest authority of the Supreme Chamber of Physicians and
Dentists is the General Medical Assembly whereas the regional
medical assemblies are the highest authorities of the regional cham-
bers. In the period between assemblies  – the Supreme Medical
Council and regional medical councils respectively.
The Supreme Medical Council represents the medical and dental
professions at the state level, and regional councils at regional levels.
Scope of activity
The field of activities of the self-government of physicians and den-
tists, as laid down in the Law of 2 December 2009 on Chambers of
Physicians and Dentists, include:
• supervising the proper and conscientious exercise of the medical
professions;
• determining the principles of professional ethics and deontology
binding all physicians and dentists and looking after their compliance;
NMA news
117
• representing and protecting the medical professions;
• integrating the medical circles;
• delivering opinion on matters concerning public health, state
health policy and organization of healthcare;
• co-operating with scientific associations, universities and research
institutions in Poland and abroad;
• offering mutual aid and other forms of financial assistance to phy-
sicians and dentists and their families;
• administering the estate and managing the business activities of
the chambers of physicians and dentists.
The chambers of physicians and dentists:
• award the right to practice the profession of a physician or dentist
and keep the register of physicians and dentists;
• make decisions on matters relating to fitness to practice as a phy-
sician or dentist;
• act as medical courts in matters involving professional liability of
physicians and dentists;
• deliver opinion on draft legislation concerning health protection
and exercise of the medical professions;
• deliver opinions and make motions regarding under- and post-
graduate training of physicians and dentists;
• co-operate with public administration agencies, political organi-
zations, trade unions as well as other social organizations in mat-
ters concerning protection of human health and conditions of
exercising the medical professions;
• defend individual and collective interests of members of the self-
government of physicians and dentists;
• negotiate conditions of work and remuneration;
• co-operate in the field of continuous medical education.
ul. Sobieskiego 110,
00–764 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: (+48) 22 559 13 00
E-mail: zagranica@hipokrates.org
www.nil.org.pl
Singapore Medical Association
55th
SMA Council
President A/Prof Chin Jing Jih
1st
Vice President Dr Wong Tien Hua
2nd
Vice President Dr Toh Han Chong
Honorary Secretary Dr Chan Teng Mui Tammy
Assistant Honorary Secretary Dr Lim Kheng Choon
Honorary Treasurer Dr Lee Hsien Chieh Daniel
Assistant Honorary Treasurer Dr Lee Yik Voon
Members:
Dr Abdul Razakjr Omar, Dr Chong Yeh Woei, Dr Loo Kai Guo
Benny, A/Prof Tan Sze Wee, Dr Tan Yia Swam, Dr Wong Chiang
Yin, Dr Woon Yng Yng Bertha, Dr Anantham Devanand, Dr Lee
Pheng Soon, Dr Noorul Fatha As’art, Dr Tan Tze Lee, Dr Toh
Choon Lai, Prof Wong Tien Yin
Formed in 1959, the Singapore Medical Association (SMA) is the
national medical organisation representing the majority of medi-
cal practitioners and medical students in both the public and pri-
vate sectors.The SMA is a not-for-profit, non-government funded,
members-based professional body for medical doctors in Singapore.
Our ordinary membership is opened to every medical practitioner
registered or provisionally registered in the Register of the Medical
Council in Singapore.
While the Ministry of Health and the Singapore Medical Council
are tasked with the regulation of the medical profession, the SMA,
as neither the extension of the Ministry nor part of the Singapore
Medical Council, aims to maintain the honour and interest of the
medical profession.To this end,SMA vigorously represent its mem-
bers’ views and engage in a good and transparent practice of feed-
back, which comprise questions, discussion and dialogue. Repre-
senting the medical profession, SMA raises concerns and questions,
presents feedback from the medical profession, and suggests alter-
natives to the relevant policy-making bodies. Even though there
were times when SMA’s views and suggestions were not accepted
by the policy-making bodies, the subsequent explanation and edu-
cation that the medical profession received by these bodies on the
decisions made have helped to shape a more inclusive and collab-
orative healthcare landscape.A strong and well-represented SMA is
necessary to maintain the honour of the medical profession and to
represent its interests, as well as to advocate the overall well-being
of patients in Singapore.
With over 6,800 current members and growing, SMA has over the
years experienced a healthy increase in membership numbers,which
attests to increasing recognition and support of our mission and val-
ues by the medical profession at large. SMA Membership offers
various professional services, medical resources and lifestyle benefits
via avenues such as the SMA Forum, Locum Listing, and Directory
of SMA Doctors, which help provide a reliable platform for doc-
tors to discuss and explore healthcare issues, have their voices heard,
search prospective contacts and make their profiles (including their
specialisations and qualifications) searchable to enable easier patient
access.
SMA Centre for Medical Ethics and Professionalism (SMA
CMEP) was formed in 2000 and since then, it has been instru-
mental in promoting continuing education and academic training in
NMA news
118
Clinical Ethics, Health Law, Professionalism and Medical Practice.
SMA CMEP aims to provide leadership in the areas of academic
training, discussion, resource development and research, so as to
support a high standard of medical professionalism.
Key statistics for 2013:
• 20 Council Members
• 110 doctors in 21 standing committees serving 6905 SMA mem-
bers
• 27 membership events with >2000 attendees
• 83 courses conducted for 2572 participants with S$36,000 course
subsidies disbursed
• 43 citations in various local media
• 228 articles published in the Singapore Medical Journal
• 110,671 hits on PubMed LinkOut
2 College Road,
Singapore 169850
Swedish Medical Association
Swedish Medical Association is the union and the professional or-
ganisation for medical doctors working in Sweden. Patient safety,
work environment,salaries,working hours,training and research are
some of the issues that are of great importance.
We are 46 000 members; medical doctors and medical students.
The Swedish Medical Association enters into collective agreements
in areas such as general employment conditions, which includes sal-
aries, working hours, holidays, sick and parental leave and pensions.
Membership entitles you to:
• Advice and support in matters relating to your salary, contract,
and general working conditions as well as insurance and pen-
sions.
• Help with salary negotiations, and up-to-date salary statistics.
• Legal assistance on disciplinary matters,such as negligence claims
or probation, and on general matters of healthcare and labour law.
• Peer support for doctors undergoing personal crisis.
• Swedish Medical Association is a strong voice in Swedish media
and we work continuously with the politicians in power as well
as in opposition.
P.O. Box 5610
SE–114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
President Heidi Stensmyren
Swiss Medical Association (FMH)
Leaders: Dr Jürg Schlup (President), Anne-Geneviève Bütikofer
(Secretary-General)
As a professional association representing the medical profession
in Switzerland and an umbrella organisation for more than 70 core
and specialised organisations, FMH defends the interests of doctors
throughout Switzerland. Both economically and politically inde-
pendent, FMH has more than 38,000 members, representing more
than 95% of all doctors currently practising in Switzerland. Only
doctors who hold a federal medical diploma or an equivalent di-
ploma who are currently practising or have practised in a particular
field in the healthcare sector may join FMH.Ordinary members are
simultaneously members of one of the core organisations.
In order to facilitate the professional activities of its members,
FMH offers a wide range of services, including access to the online
myFHM platform, as well as the list of downloadable documents
(contract templates and practical guides in particular), an informa-
tion service for points of law and questions about prevention, train-
ing about rates,and a support network for crisis situations (ReMed).
Many of these services are also made available to external partners,
journalists,and the general public,especially the annual medical sta-
tistics, press releases, the doctorfmh.ch search engine, and advanced
patient directives, which are frequently consulted.
FMH does everything in its power to ensure that the entire popu-
lation of Switzerland can access high-quality care with sustainable
funding.To achieve this objective, it attaches great importance to the
dialogue with the other partners in the healthcare sector and vmakes
doctors’ voices heard in the political and legislative decision-making
process through policy statements and consultations. FMH also par-
ticipates in the development and updating of rate structures and has
taken on the role of spokesperson for questions about prevention and
quality in the medical field that are raised at the national level.
FMH is currently focusing on the following topics: interprofession-
ality in the healthcare system related to the acute fragmentation
of care and the need for clarification of responsibilities; the lack of
training places for medical students and the resulting shortfall in
certain regions and disciplines; and barriers to the free practice of
the profession and the increase in administrative tasks.
Elfenstrasse 18, case postale 300,
3000 Bern 15, Switzerland
NMA news
119
Taiwan Medical Association
(TMA)
Office Bearers
President Dr. Ching-Chuan SU
Chairman of board of supervisors Dr.Tsung-Cheng KUO
Secretary General Dr. Ming-Chung TSAI
Membership
Details of who can join, how many join
There are 5 special municipality, 16 county and 3 city medical associa-
tions in Taiwan. All of them are entitled to join Taiwan Medical As-
sociation.According to Physicians Act,all practicing physicians are re-
quired to join the local medical association.Therefore,Taiwan Medical
Association has 43,318 physician members as the end of June, 2014.
What services are available to Members
TMA serves as a role of intermediate between physicians and gov-
ernment.
All members are available to free subscription of Taiwan Medical
Journal.
Free group life insurance for all physician members.
CME courses are opened to all members without charge.
Activities
• With Members: Supervising local medical association by holding
regional seminars or workshops.
• Schedule monthly nationwide Video Conference on patient safe-
ty and healthcare quality.
• Annual Golf outing, Tennis tournament and Ping-pong game
nationwide for members.
• With the Public: Donate or finance vulnerable groups and charities.
• Hold blood donation activities and social welfare concerts.
• With the Governments: Advocate amending for “Health Care
Act” to protect health professionals and patients’ safety by ensur-
ing a zero-violence health care environment.
• Legislate for “Long-term Care Act and Long-term Care Insur-
ance Act”.
• Promote for “Medical Practice Dispute Resolution and Compen-
sation Act”.
• With the Media: Periodical press conference for announcing
TMA policies.
• Collaborated with cable TV network to produce health related
programs.
• Others e.g.: Strategic partnerships: Strategic alliance with human
resource agency and with commercial bank.
9th
Floor, 29, Section 1, An-Ho Road, Taipei 10688, Taiwan
Medical Association of Thailand
(MAT)
Office Bearers (2014–2016)
President: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Prasert Sarnvivad
President Elect: Prof. Dr. Saranatra Waikakul
Vice-President: Prof. Dr.Teerachai Chantrarojanasiri
Secretary General: Prof. Dr. Ronnachai Kongsakon
Deputy Secretary: Major Dr. Chanrit Lawthaweesawat
Treasurer: Group Captain Dr. Paisal Chantarapitak
House Master: Dr. Sawat Takerngdej
Scientific: Prof. Dr. Wachira Kochakarn
Publication: Prof. Dr. Amorn Leelarasamee
International Relations: Major. Gen. Assist. Prof. Dr. Kidaphol
Wadhanakul
Medical Education: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yothin Benjawung
Ethics: Prof. Dr. Orawan Kiriwat
Public Relations: Dr. Sakda Arj-ong Vallipakorn
Registration: Dr. Komgrib Pukrittayakamee
Welfare: Dr. Nithiwat Gijsriurai
Special Affairs: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Juvady Leawpairat
Chief Executive Officer: Prof. Dr. Somsri Pausawasdi
Membersof Committee
Pol.Maj.Gen. Dr. Chumsak Pruksapong
Dr. Pinit Hirunyachote
Dr. Kavirach Tantiwongse
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Apichat Asavamongkolkul
Dr. Somchai Thepcharoennirund (Regional Rept.)
Dr. Varaphan Unachak (Regional Rept.)
Dr.Thongchai Triviboonvanich (Regional Rept.)
Dr. Banjerd Sukapipatpanont (Regional Rept.)
Membership: Any Thai medical doctor can join the MAT as a
regular member.
Services provided: The main services provided by the MAT to their
membership are the Annual Academic Meeting as well as news and
scientific publications, representation of their interests in national
and international forums and participating as a member of World
Medical Association.
Activities (some examples)
• With Members: Receiving life long access to Journals of the
Medical Association of Thailand
• With the Public: Through Medical Knowledge programme
for Thai People as FAQs decease problem TNN TV Channel
monthly by the Famous MAT speakers
• With the Governments:As a Medical Counselor to support the Min-
istry of Health for adoption of a medical career in the public services.
NMA news
120
• With the Media: Press releases related to health issues of public
interest, promotion of tdebates related to health policies,education
on health related issues.
• With Strategic Partners: special research aiming to promote
health information to the public as well as to provide happiness
working and safety to Thai physicians.
4th
Floor, Royal Golden Jubilee Building 2, soi Soonvijai
Newpetchbri Rd. Huay Kwang Bangkapi Bangkok 10310
E-mail: math@loxinfo.co.th
www.mat.or.th
Romanian College of Physicians
Executive Board
Prof. Dr. Vasile Astarastoae – President
Dr. Gheorghe Borcean – Vice-President
Dr. Constantin Carstea – Vice-President
Dr. Calin Bumbulut – Vice-President
Dr. Viorel Radulescu – Secretary General
Members: who can become a member,how many members are reg-
istered and what services are available for the members:
Any doctor who wants to practice medicine in Romania, according
to the law, may become member of the Romanian College of Physi-
cians. The Romanian College of Physicians has 10,000 members.
They can:
• vote and can be elected,
• be informed about any action performed by the College,
• use all infrastructure belonging to the College,
• take part in any of the actions carried out by the College,
• litigate any sanction applied by the College,
• request material help from the College, for special situations, for
them and their family.
Activities:
• with the members
• with public
• with the government
• with the media
• other, strategic partnerships
BLVD. Timisoara, No.15, Sector 6, Bucharest, Romania
Phone: +4 0214138800, +4 0214138803
Fax: +4 0214137750
E-mail: office@cmr.ro
www.cmr.ro
TurkishMedicalAssociation(TMA)
Central Council (2014–2016)
President: Bayazit İlhan
Vice President: Raşit Tükel
General Secretary: Özden Şener
1st Treasurer: Filiz Ünal İncekara
2nd Treasurer: Hande Arpat
Members: İsmail Bulca, Hüseyin Demirdizen, Deniz Dülgeroğlu,
Nilay Etiler, Şeyhmus Gökalp, Fatih Sürenkök
Membership: Obligatory for physicians working in private health
institutions including private offices. Physicians working in public
health institutions can also become members and most of them are
already members of TMA.
Services provided: Turkish Medical Association mainly promotes
and struggles for the professional autonomy and the values of the
profession. TMA publishes monthly or bimonthly journals in the
fields of Health Policies, Occupational Health and Continious
Medical Education. In addition to publications, educational ac-
tivities, certification programs, accreditation of continuous medical
education and scientific congresses, provides to its members identi-
fication cards, protocol notebooks, etc.
Activities (some examples):
• With Members: TMA arranges continuous education programs
in various topics, such as “health of the health care workers”,
“Sports Medicine,Tourism and Health”,“Occupational Medicine
in Workplaces”,“Legal Medicine”and “Health Care in Disasters”
courses. TMA struggles for the rights of physicians and cooper-
ates with the unions and associations of other health professionals
in Turkey.
• With the Public:Based on the legal establishment of TMA, it
prepares reports on emerging public health issues and tries to
raise public awareness on these matters.Radiation,environmental
pollution, right to access to clean water, communicable diseases,
critics about health reform, struggle against tobacco are some of
the examples of these studies.
• With the Government:TMA is a direct member of Turkish Min-
istry of Health Central Ethics Committee and Committee of
Specialty in Medicine. Additionally, TMA tries to form public
opinion on medical profession, informs the National Assembly
and the other institutions inlegislative procedures. It exchanges
views with the institutions such as Turkish Ministry of Health,
Social Security Institution that determine the health policies in
which many physicians work.
• With the Media: TMA uses mass communication tools, web
sites for public information. There is a press bureau at the central
NMA news
III
building of TMA. It provides information for press organizations
and journalists.
• With Strategic Partners:In recent years TMA conducted many
studies with partners especially on the prevention of torture,
forced feeding in hunger strikes, the health of prisoners around
the world. In 1997, due to these studies, PHR (Physicians for
Human Rights) awarded TMA with human rights award.In
1991–1992, TMA has made a common project with Canadian
Public Health Association about public health care and provided
support for multidisciplinary projects.In 1995–1996–1997, it has
performed a project about Forensic Medicine that supported by
EU. TMA was a partner in Istanbul Protocol training programs
throughout Turkey related to reporting issues on torture and in-
humane treatment from government forces, patient rights, ex-
amination of prisoners. TMA was nominated for 2014 Human
Rights Prize of Parliamentary Assembly of European Commis-
sion (PACE).
GMK Bulvarı S. Daniş Tunalıgil Sok. No: 2/17 – 23 06570
Maltepe Ankara, Turkey
Phone: +90 312 231 31 79
E-mail: ttb@ttb.org.tr
www.ttb.org.tr
Synopsis of Vietnam Medical
Association
Vietnam Medical Association (VMA) is the biggest of non-gov-
ernment organization in medical sector in Vietnam is founded in
April 15, 1955.VMA is constituent member of World Medical As-
sociation since 2006 (in the General Assembly of WMA in Im-
perial Hotel – Tokyo, Japan) and constituent member of Medical
Association of South East Asian Nations (MASEAN) since 1995
(in MASEAN conference – Singapore).
In 2014, VMA has 44 national specialities associations (Cardiology,
Surgery…) and 52 regional associations (Hanoi, Hochiminh city,
Danang medical association,…). VMA published 4 medical revues,
medical magazines in French, in English and in Vietnamese. VMA
organized many MASEAN meetings in Vietnam. VMA has good
relations with many national medical associations on the world since
60 years ago.
Tran Huu Thang MD. PhD.
Vice President Executive of VMA
68A Batrieu, Hanoi, Vietnam
E-mail: vgamp@hn.vnn.vn, vgamp@fpt.vn
Dr. Bernard Mandel, was elected President-
Elect at the 47th
General Assembly of the
World Medical Association in Bali, Indo-
nesia and he was inaugurated as President
of the World Medical Association at the
48th
General Assembly in Sommerset West,
South Africa. He served as President for
one year 1996–1997.
Dr. Bernard Mandell was co-opted onto
Border Coastal Branch Council in 1992 and
served on Council until 2002. He served as
Border Coastal Branch Federal Councillor
from 1993–2000. He served as President
of Border Coastal Branch in 2001. He was
awarded The South African Medical Asso-
ciation Gold Medal in 1996.
In memoriam: Bernard Mandel
Born: 22 May 1927, Passed away: 17 July 2014
NMA news
IV
Contents
The history of health research dates as far
back as the 1800’s in South Africa, when
Cape Town, Grahamstown, Durban, Pi-
etermaritzburg and Kimberley were large
thriving towns in with many doctors in
practice. They formed their own associa-
tions as branches of the British Medical
Association. By the 1920’s, these branches
had spread throughout South Africa and in
1927, they joined to form a national asso-
ciation, the Medical Association of South
Africa (MASA). The MASA later joined
the WMA when it was established. The
MASA was replaced by the South Afri-
can Medical Association (SAMA) on the
21st
May 1998.The SAMA as we know it
today is the result of the unification of the
fragmented pre-democracy medical groups.
Although medical research had been con-
ducted in South Africa since the 1800’s,and
despite oversight mechanisms being set up
at individual institutional levels, there was
no national guideline or policy until 1979.
Even this document was limited in scope in
that it applied only to researchers affiliated
with the MRC, either as recipients of fund-
ing from the MRC or as researchers within
its institutes, units or groups. Despite there
being no safeguards for participants in re-
search at a national level for many decades,
doctors involved in research were bound by
the World Medical Associations guidelines
and declarations.
Following the publication of a paper by
Beecher on unethical research being con-
ducted by leading and respectable scien-
tists in the United States, the Committee
for Research on Human Subjects (Medi-
cal), the first Research Ethics Commit-
tee (REC) in South Africa (SA), was
established at the University of the Wit-
watersrand, Johannesburg in 1966. From
the seventies, tertiary institutions at which
health research was conducted established
local RECs. In 1979, the Medical Research
Council (MRC), SA produced the first set
of guidelines at a national level.The protec-
tions espoused in those guidelines applied
to any research being funded by the MRC
or conducted by researchers affiliated to the
MRC. These guidelines have undergone
several revisions. While an important mile-
stone in the participant protections endeav-
ours in South Africa, the MRC guidelines
did not have regulatory authority for non
MRC associated research. Furthermore,
there was no uniformity of functioning
between the local institutional RECs that
had been set up.Standards of review ranged
from exceptionally high at some RECs to
very poor at others and some RECs even
served as mere “rubber-stamping” com-
mittees. Hence, ethics “shopping” was not
uncommon in the country. The promulga-
tion of the National Heath Act (No 61 of
2003) brought about far-reaching changes,
with research participant protections and
the functioning of RECs now being regu-
lated by the country’s statutory laws which
require the registration and audit of RECs
by the National Health Research Eth-
ics Council, a statutory body established
to determine the standards for participant
protections in health research.
The importance of the principles in the
Declaration of Helsinki in shaping South
Africa’s ethico-regulatory framework in
health research must be highlighted. The
Declaration has greatly influenced our na-
tional guidelines from both the National
Health Research Ethics Council and
the Health Professions Council as well.
A breach of ethics in health research could
result in sanctions by both these bodies.
Ames Dhai
President SAMA
The Evolution of Research Ethics
in South Africa
Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Geneva Report for WMJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Child Abuse & Neglect in India: Time to Act . . . . . . . . . . 87
Acceptance Speech for the Paracelsus Medal on the
Occasion 117th
German Medical Assembly . . . . . . . . . 93
What We Can Learn From the Ukrainian Crisis . . . . . . . . 95
Junior Doctors’Work Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Order of Physicians of Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
American Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The Australian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Austrian Medical Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Bangladesh Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Association Belge des Syndicats Médicaux . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Brazilian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
British Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Canadian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chinese Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Conseil National De L’ordre Des Medecins . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
National Medical Union of Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
National Order of Physicians of Cote d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . 105
Czech Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Danish Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Finnish Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The French Medical Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Georgian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Hong Kong Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Icelandic Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Israeli Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Japan Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
National Medical Association of the Republic
of Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Korean Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Latvian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Myanmar Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
New Zealand Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Norwegian Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Philippine Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Polish Supreme Chamber of Physicians
and Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Singapore Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Swedish Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Swiss Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Taiwan Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Medical Association of Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Romanian College of Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Turkish Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Synopsis of Vietnam Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
In memoriam: Bernard Mandel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III