SoHA-Oct2006

Handbook of WMA Policies
World Medical Association ⏐ S-2006-03-2006

WMA STATEMENT
ON
HIV/AIDS AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
Adopted by the 57th
WMA General Assembly, Pilanesberg, South Africa, October 2006
INTRODUCTION

1. HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic that has created unprecedented challenges for physi-
cians and health infrastructures. In addition to representing a staggering public health
crisis, HIV/AIDS is also fundamentally a human rights issue. Many factors drive the
spread of the disease, such as poverty, homelessness, illiteracy, prostitution, human
trafficking, stigma, discrimination and gender-based inequality. Efforts to tackle the
disease are constrained by the lack of human and financial resources available in
health care systems. These social, economic, legal and human rights factors affect
not only the public health dimension of HIV/AIDS but also individual
physicians/health workers and patients, their decisions and relationships.
DISCRIMINATION

1. Unfair discrimination against HIV/AIDS patients by physicians must be eliminated
completely from the practice of medicine.
a. All persons infected or affected by HIV/AIDS are entitled to adequate preven-
tion, support, treatment and care with compassion and respect for human dignity.
b. A physician may not ethically refuse to treat a patient whose condition is within
his or her current realm of competence, solely because the patient is
seropositive.
c. National Medical Associations should work with governments, patient groups
and relevant national and international organizations to ensure that national
health policies clearly and explicitly prohibit discrimination against people in-
fected with or affected by HIV/AIDS.
APPROPRIATE / COMPETENT MEDICAL CARE

1. Patients with HIV/AIDS must be provided with competent and appropriate medical
care at all stages of the disease.
2. A physician who is not able to provide the care and services required by patients with
HIV/AIDS should make an appropriate referral to those physicians or facilities that
are equipped to provide such services. Unless or until the referral can be accom-
plished, the physician must care for the patient to the best of his or her ability.
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HIV/AIDS and the Medical Profession

3. Physicians and other appropriate bodies should ensure that patients have accurate
information regarding means of transmission of HIV/AIDS and strategies to protect
themselves against infection. Proactive measures should be taken to ensure that all
members of the population, and at-risk groups in particular, are educated to this
effect.
4. With reference to those patients who are found to be seropositive, physicians must be
able to effectively counsel them regarding: (a) responsible behaviour to prevent the
spread of the disease; (b) strategies for their own health protection; and (c) the
necessity of alerting sexual and needle-sharing contacts, past and present, as well as
other relevant contacts (such as medical and dental personnel) regarding their
possible infection.
5. Physicians must recognize that many people still believe HIV/AIDS to be an auto-
matic and immediate death sentence and therefore will not seek testing. Physicians
must ensure that patients have accurate information regarding the treatment options
available to them. Patients should understand the potential of antiretroviral treatment
(ART) to improve not only their medical condition but also the quality of their lives.
Effective ART can greatly extend the period of time that patients are able to lead
healthy productive lives, functioning socially and in the workplace and maintaining
their independence. HIV/AIDS is increasingly looked upon as a manageable chronic
condi-tion.
6. While strongly advocating ART as the best course of action for HIV/AIDS patients,
physicians must also ensure that their patients are fully and accurately informed
about all aspects of ART, including potential toxicity and side effects. Physicians
must also counsel patients honestly about the possibility of failure of first line ART,
and the subsequent options should failure occur. The importance of adhering to the
regimens and thereby reducing the risk of failure should be emphasized.
7. Physicians should be aware that misinformation regarding the negative aspects of
ART has created resistance toward treatment by patients in some areas. Where mis-
information is being spread about ART, physicians and medical associations must
make it an immediate priority to publicly challenge the source of the misinformation
and to work with the HIV/AIDS community to counteract the negative effects of the
misinformation.
8. Physicians should encourage the involvement of support networks to assist patients
in adhering to ART regimens. With the patient’s consent, counselling and training
should be available to family members to assist them in providing family based care.
Physi-cians must recognize families and other support networks as crucial partners in
ad-herence strategies and, in many places, the only means to adequately expand the
care system so that patients receive the required attention.
9. Physicians must be aware of the discriminatory attitudes toward HIV/AIDS that are
prevalent in society and local culture. Because physicians are the first, and
sometimes the only, people who are informed of their patients’ HIV status,
physicians should be able to counsel them about their basic social and legal rights
and responsibilities or should refer them to counsellors who specialize in the rights of
persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Handbook of WMA Policies
World Medical Association ⏐ S-2006-03-2006

TESTING

1. Mandatory testing for HIV must be required of: donated blood and blood fractions
collected for donation or to be used in the manufacture of blood products; organs and
other tissues intended for transplantation; and semen or ova collected for assisted
reproduction procedures.
2. Mandatory HIV testing of an individual against his or her will is a violation of
medical ethics and human rights. Exceptions to this rule may be made only in the
most extreme cases and should be subject to review by an ethics panel or to judicial
review.
3. Physicians must clearly explain the purpose of an HIV test, the reasons it is recom-
mended and the implications of a positive test result. Before a test is administered,
the physician should have an action plan in place in case of a positive test result.
Informed consent must be obtained from the patient prior to testing.
4. While certain groups are labelled “high risk”, anyone who has had unprotected sex
should be considered at some risk. Physicians must become increasingly proactive
about recommending testing to patients, based on a mutual understanding of the level
of risk and the potential to benefit from testing. Pregnant women should routinely be
offered testing.
5. Counselling and voluntary anonymous testing for HIV should be available to all
persons who request it, along with adequate post-testing support mechanisms.
PROTECTION FROM HIV IN THE HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT

1. Physicians and all health care workers have the right to a safe work environment.
Especially in developing countries, the problem of occupational exposure to HIV has
contributed to high attrition rates of the health labour force. In some cases,
employees become infected with HIV, and in other cases fear of infection causes
health care workers to leave their jobs voluntarily. Fear of infection among health
workers can also lead to refusal to treat HIV/AIDS patients. Likewise, patients have
the right to be protected to the greatest degree possible from transmission of HIV
from health professionals and in health care institutions.
a. Proper infection control procedures and universal precautions consistent with the
most current national or international standards, as appropriate, should be imple-
mented in all health care facilities. This includes procedures for the use of pre-
ventive ART for health professionals who have been exposed to HIV.
b. If the appropriate safeguards for protecting physicians or patients against infec-
tion are not in place, physicians and National Medical Associations should take
action to correct the situation.
c. Physicians who are infected with HIV should not engage in any activity that
creates a risk of transmission of the disease to others. In the context of possible
exposure to HIV, the activity in which the physician wishes to engage will be the
determining factor. Whether or not an activity is acceptable should be
determined by a panel or committee of health care workers with specific
expertise in infec-tious diseases.
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HIV/AIDS and the Medical Profession

d. In the provision of medical care, if a risk of transmission of an infectious disease
from a physician to a patient exists, disclosure of that risk to patients is not
enough; patients are entitled to expect that their physicians will not increase their
exposure to the risk of contracting an infectious disease.
e. If no risk exists, disclosure of the physician’s medical condition to his or her
patients will serve no rational purpose.
PROTECTING PATIENT PRIVACY AND ISSUES RELATED TO NOTIFICATION

1. Fear of stigma and discrimination is a driving force behind the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The social and economic repercussions of being identified as infected can be
devasta-ting and can include violence, rejection by family and community members,
loss of housing and loss of employment, to name only a few. Normalizing the
presence of HIV/AIDS in society through public education is the only way to reduce
discrimi-natory attitudes and practices. Until that can be universally achieved, or a
cure is developed, potentially infected individuals will refuse testing to avoid these
conse-quences. The result of individuals not knowing their HIV status is not only
disastrous on a personal level in terms of not receiving treatment, but may also lead
to high rates of avoidable transmission of the disease. Fear of unauthorized
disclosure of informa-tion also provides a disincentive to participate in HIV/AIDS
research and generally thwarts the efficacy of prevention programs. Lack of
confidence in protection of per-sonal medical information regarding HIV status is a
threat to public health globally and a core factor in the continued spread of
HIV/AIDS. At the same time, in certain circumstances, the right to privacy must be
balanced with the right of partners (sexual and injection drug) of persons with
HIV/AIDS to be informed of their potential infection. Failure to inform partners not
only violates their rights but also leads to the same health problems of avoidable
transmission and delay in treatment.
2. All standard ethical principles and duties related to confidentiality and protection of
patients’ health information, as articulated in the WMA Declaration of Lisbon on the
Rights of the Patient, apply equally in the context of HIV/AIDS. In addition,
National Medical Associations and physicians should take note of the special
circumstances and obligations (outlined below) associated with the treatment of
HIV/AIDS patients.
a. National Medical Associations and physicians must, as a matter of priority, en-
sure that HIV/AIDS public education, prevention and counselling programs con-
tain explicit information related to protection of patient information as a matter
not only of medical ethics but of their human right to privacy.
b. Special safeguards are required when HIV/AIDS care involves a physically dis-
persed care team that includes home-based service providers, family members,
counsellors, case workers or others who require medical information to provide
comprehensive care and assist in adherence to treatment regimens. In addition to
Handbook of WMA Policies
World Medical Association ⏐ S-2006-03-2006

implementing protection mechanisms regarding transfer of information, ethics
training regarding patient privacy should be given to all team members.
c. Physicians must make all efforts to convince HIV/AIDS patients to take action
to notify all partners (sexual and/or injection drug) about their exposure and
poten-tial infection. Physicians must be competent to counsel patients about the
options for notifying partners.
These options should include:
1. notification of the partner(s) by the patient. In this case, the patient should
receive counselling regarding the information that must be provided to the
partner and strategies for delivering it with sensitivity and in a manner that
is easily understood. A timetable for notification should be established and
the physician should follow-up with the patient to ensure that notification
has oc-curred.
2. notification of the partner(s) by a third party. In this case, the third party
must make every effort to protect the identity of the patient.
d. When all strategies to convince the patient to take such action have been ex-
hausted, and if the physician knows the identity of the patient’s partner(s), the
physician is compelled, either by law or by moral obligation, to take action to
notify the partner(s) of their potential infection. Depending on the system in place,
the physician will either notify directly the person at risk or report the informa-
tion to a designated authority responsible for notification. In cases where a phy-
sician must disclose the information regarding exposure, the physician must:
1. inform the patient of his or her intentions,
2. to the extent possible, ensure that the identity of the patient is protected,
3. take the appropriate measures to protect the safety of the patient, especially
in the case of a female patient vulnerable to domestic violence.
e. Regardless of whether it is the patient, the physician or a third party who under-
takes notification, the person learning of his or her potential infection should be
offered support and assistance in order to access testing and treatment.
f. National Medical Associations should develop guidelines to assist physicians in
decision-making related to notification. These guidelines should help physicians
understand the legal requirements and consequences of notification decisions as
well as the medical, psychological, social and ethical considerations.
g. National Medical Associations should work with governments to ensure that
physicians who carry out their ethical obligation to notify individuals at risk, and
who take precautions to protect the identity of their patient, are afforded
adequate legal protection.
MEDICAL EDUCATION
1. National Medical Associations should assist in ensuring that there is training and
education of physicians in the most current prevention strategies and medical treat-
ments available for all stages of HIV/AIDS, including prevention and support.
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HIV/AIDS and the Medical Profession

2. National Medical Associations should insist upon, and assist with when possible, the
education of physicians in the relevant psychological, legal, cultural and social di-
mensions of HIV/AIDS.
3. National Medical Associations should fully support the efforts of physicians wishing
to concentrate their expertise in HIV/AIDS care, even where HIV/AIDS is not recog-
nized as an official specialty or sub-specialty within the medical education system.
4. The WMA encourages its National Medical Associations to promote the inclusion of
designated, comprehensive courses on HIV/AIDS in undergraduate and postgraduate
medical education programs, as well as continuing medical education.