Adebamowo-Perspectives-on-Biobanking
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Biobanks)and)Genomics)– Perspectives)from)Africa
Clement)Adebamowo)
MD)FACS)FWACS) DSc
Chairman)of)National)Health)Research)Ethics)Committee) of)Nigeria,)Federal)Ministry)of)Health,)Abuja,)FCT,)NigeriaJ
PI)West)African)Bioethics)Training)ProgramJ)
Professor)of)Cancer)Epidemiology,)Department) of)Epidemiology)and)Public)Health,)
Associate)Director)(Population) Sciences))Greenebaum)Cancer)Center,)Member)of)the)Institute)of)Human)Virology,)University)of)Maryland)
School)of)Medicine,)Baltimore,)MD)21201
cadebamowo@som.umaryland.edu
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Characteristics, of,African,health,research,
environment, and,their,implication,for,research
• Health,indices,,resources,and,access
– Poor,health,indices
– Poor,health,infrastructure
– Limited,access,to,good,quality,health,care
• Patterns,of,diseases,and,health
– Persistent,communicable,diseases
– Rapidly,progressing,nonBcommunicable,diseases,epidemic
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Characteristics,of,African,health,research,environment,and,
their,implication,for,research
• SocioBeconomic,parameters
– Poverty,and,rapid,transformation,in,income,levels
– Urbanization,– reduced,physical,activity,,changing,diet
– Religion,,culture,and,practices
• Education
– Low,levels,of,health,professionals’,knowledge,about,
genomics
– Low,levels,of,general,population’s,knowledge,about,
health,in,general,and,genomics,in,particular
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Biobanks
• Biobanks,are,now,an,increasingly,common,tool,of,biomedical,
research,throughout,the,world
• While,pathology,laboratories,in,Africa,have,often,stored,residual,
tissue,samples,from,biopsies,and,autopsies,for,long,periods,after,
primary,utilization,,and,used,such,tissues,in,research,,the,
modern,concept,of,biobanks,is,new,to,the,continent
• A,characteristic,of,most,prospective,biobanks,is,that,samples,and,
data,are,collected,for,longBterm,future,use,,not,just,for,a,single,
project
• At,the,time,of,establishment,of,collections,of,samples,and,
related,data,,it,is,not,known,and,it,is,impossible,to,anticipate,all,
the,studies,may,eventually,use,this,resource
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Genomic,research,and,biobanking,in,Africa
• Given,that,African,research,currently,accounts,for,2.5%,of,global,
health,research,despite,having,most,of,the,intractable,and,emerging,
health,problems,,it,is,important,to,ensure,that,biobanking,and,
genomics,research,are,used,to,effectively,contribute,to,African,
research,enterprise,because:
– Genomics,research,supported,by,biobanking,offer,pathways,to,
new,solutions,for,Africa’s,old,public,health,problems,– HPV,DNA,
testing,is,better,than,Pap,smear,in,reducing,mortality,from,
cervical,cancer,B NEJM.,2009;,360:,1385B94
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Genomic,research,and,Africa
– Results,of,genomics,research,in,Africa,informs,understanding,and,
application,of,research,in,other,populations,B Variation,in,APOL1,
gene,may,contribute,to,high,rates,of,kidney,disease,in,African,
Americans,Science.,2010;,329:,841B5
– Genomics,research,has,potential,to,contribute,to,reduction,in,
global,health,inequalities,through,“an,enhanced,translational,
genomics,and,population,sciences,agenda”,CEBP,2011;,20:,2105,B
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– Genomics,research,tends,to,be,a,catalyst,for,systemBwide,
innovation,,interest,and,investment,in,medical,research,in,general
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Genomic,research,and,biobanking,in,Africa
• Biobanking,as,part,of,research,in,Africa,is,required,because,of:
– Role,of,Africa,in,human,ancestry
– Huge,genomic,,socioBeconomic,,cultural,(diet,,religion,,
practices),,climatic,heterogeneity,on,the,continent,and,their,
impact,on,health,and,diseases
– Potential,for,huge,contributions,to,understanding,disease,
pathways,,new,approaches,to,treatment,and,prevention,,
drug,discovery,and,pharmacogenomics
– Widespread,use,and,contribution,of,genomics,research,in,
developed,countries
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Medical,records,and,health,databases
• Most,African,health,care,systems,are,plagued,by,challenges,with,
recording,and,maintaining,health,databases
• Health,systems,in,Africa,were,traditionally,set,up,and,funded,to,
respond,to,acute,illnesses,such,as,infectious,diseases,and,trauma,
and,not,to,complex,diseases,that,require,long,term,management,
and,follow,up
• There,has,therefore,been,minimal,investment,in,health,databases,
and,medical,records
• Recent,interventions,like,PEPFAR,led,to,creation,of,large,databases,
often,targeted,to,meeting,reporting,requirements,of,funding,
agencies
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Controversies, B Power,disequilibrium, at,individual,level,
• Concern,about,the,perceived,“value”,of,the,contributions,of,the,
individual
– For,example,how,do,we,compare,the,contributions,,recognitions,and,
rewards,given,to,
• (a),Raji,– an,11,year,old,Yoruba,boy,with,Burkitt’s,lymphoma,
whose,cells,,in,1963,,gave,rise,to,the,Raji,cell,line,– the,first,
continuous,human,cell,line,of,hematopoietic,origins,(Pulvertaft,
JV.,Cytology,of,Burkitt’s,tumour,(African,lymphoma).,Lancet,1:,
238B240,,1964),with,
• (b),the,anonymous,Yoruba,participant,in,the,first,phase,of,the,
International,HapMap,project,who,genome,was,one,of,the,first,to,
be,completely,sequenced,and,
• (c).,Henrietta,Lacks,of,HeLa,cells,fame
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Controversies,– diminution,of,the,value,assigned,to,individuals,
and,to,community,particularly,when,data,is,deBidentified,or,
anonymized
• Where,am,I?,
• Where,are,we?,
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Controversies, – Trust,as,the,most,important,ethical,basis,for,
participation, in,research,
• Trust,– is,the,commonest,reason,we,found,why,people,participate,in,
genomics,research.
• Yet,,these,are,often,people,who,have,little,trust,in,their,government,or,
political,systems
• The,manifestation,of,trust,within,the,research,context,is,highly,nuanced
• Significant,variations,exist,between,communities,in,the,expression,and,
manifestations,of,this,trust
• Has,not,received,as,much,or,as,rigorous,an,evaluation,as,required,
because,it,is,difficult,to,study,objectively
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Challenges,– Trust,and,consent
• Majority,of,the,respondents,supported,the,use,of,broad,consent,
for,biobank research,,while,a,significant,minority,prefer,tiered,
and,restricted,consent,approach,because,they,want,to,receive,
feedback,on,donated,samples,and,would,like,to,know,the,
research,that,could,be,done,with,their,specimen,in,the,future
– I »prefer »the »tiered »consent, »but »may »thereafter »give »a »broad »consent »if »I »
am »given »feedback »on »what »has »been »done »with »my »specimen.Male,
Medical,Doctor,urban,B6,– Kano
– I »would »like »to »be »informed »before »my »specimen »is »used »for »another »
research »(i.e. »tiered »consent). »Even »when »I »have »moved »away »from »my »
previous »location, »inquiries »should »be »made »at »my »previous »location »for »
my »where »about.
Male,Spokesperson,rural,D1,B Enugu
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Challenges,– Trust,and,consent
• Since »I »would »not »give »broad »consent, »I »will »not »permit »sharing »of »my »
specimen. »The »other »group »of »researchers »should »approach »me »for »use »of »
my »specimens. »I »will »have »no »objection »if »you »want »to »take »it »abroad »for »
analysis, »provided »other »participants »allow »that.
Male,Community,Leader,urban,B4,– Kano
• For »me »there »no »problem »if »you »share »my »specimen »with »other »researchers. »
For »example »when »I »was »doing »my »diploma » programme, »I »went »to »another »
place »to »obtain »my »data »and »they »agreed »to »share »with »me. »If »I »have »a »
disease »and »they »want »to »take »my »specimen »abroad, »they »should »let »me »
know. »Though, »my »reason »is »to »get »the »information » so »that »I »can »seek »for »
solution.
Male,Spokesperson,rural,C14,B FCT
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Controversies, B Intersection, between, culture,
and,biobanking
• The,banking,of,body,fluids,and,tissues,may,raise,significant,
concerns,at,the,intersection,of,science,,religion,and,culture.,
Illustrative,experience,of,use,of,umbilical,cord,blood,for,
research
• Certain,biological,samples,have,very,high,and,significant,
cultural,values
• Research,and,banking,of,such,samples,raise,significant,
cultural,and,ethical,concerns,in,the,community
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• Lay »opinion »about »the »afterbirth
– Umbilical »cord »or »afterbirth »is »a »dangerous »thing »to »play »with »in »Yoruba »land, »since »it »
connects »the » »child »to »the »mother, »Yoruba »believe »that »how »it »is »handled »can »change »the »
destiny »of »a »child.
– That »is »what »many »pregnant »women »fear »during »childbirth and »they »are »eager »to »collect »
the »umbilical »cord »and »after »birth »and »give »it »to »the »father »of »the »child »(husbands).
– Yoruba,says “ki aye »ma »fi »bi »omo mu »wa” »– (May »we »not »be »vulnerable »to »our »enemies »
through »the »umbilical »cord)
• A,traditional,religion,priest,
– burning »the »umbilical »cord »is »best »thing »to »do »and »it »must »done »when »people »are »not »
around, »may »be »in »the »night »at »a »location »that »is »wet, »so »that »that »child »life’s »will »be »cool »
and »prosperous.
• A,Senior,Nursing,Officer
– the »importance »of »the »afterbirth »is »that »after »a »woman »has »had »sex »with »a »man »and »
missed »her »period, »God »will »put »the »placenta »beside »the »fetus »and »this »brings »about »the »
cordial »relationship »between »mother »and »child »that »is »responsible »for »the »child’s »breath »
and »the »child’s »feedings
Controversies,B Intersection,between,culture,and,biobanking
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Controversies, – Sharing,of,biological,samples
• Sample,export,and,ownership
– Research,participants,often,express,concern,about,transfer,of,
samples,to,specific,countries,and,use,in,specific,types,of,research
– My »consent »has »to »be »obtained »again »before »you »share »my »
specimen »with »other »researchers. »I »am »a »health »worker »I »know »
what »am »heading »to. B Male,Medical,Doctor,urban,D9,B Enugu
– You »can »share »my »specimen »with »other »researchers, »I »do »not »have »
problem »with »that. »You »may »also »take »the »samples »to »others »
countries »as »long »as »it »is »not »used »for »human »cloning »and »things »
that »Christianity »will »frown »at. »Female,Pharmacist,Urban,D18,B
Enugu
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Controversies, – feedback,of,results
• Participants,in,general,wanted,some,form,of,feedback.,Where,
the,results,of,the,research,is,likely,to,be,related,to,heritable,
treatable,or,untreatable,serious,illness,,participants,strongly,
favoured,return,of,results
– I »need »feedback »on »my »result. »Since »I »will »give »you »my »specimen »on »trust, »I »
will »require »feedback, »and »if »it »is »not »done »I »will »be »worried.
Male,Traditionalist,and,previous,research,participant,urban,A8,
– It »is »important »for »me »to »know, »if »the »biobank »discover »something »serious »
about »my »health, »they »should »let »me »know. »
Female,Pharmacist,Urban,D18,– Enugu
– I »should »be »given »counselling »before »am »given »any »feedback. »It »should »
involve »preNcounselling.Male,Medical,Doctor,urban,D9,B Enugu
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Controversies, – Impact,of,religion
• Christians,and,Muslims,alike,wanted,their,religion,to,be,taken,
account,of,with,respect,to,how,their,donated,samples,are,used.
– Anything »related »to »health, »my »Muslim »religion »is »not »against »it. Female,
Pharmacy,Technician/spokesperson,urban,B3,B Kano
– Like »I »mentioned »before, »the »samples »may »be »used »for »unethical »practices »
such »as »human »cloning »which »will »interfere »with »my »Christian »belief. »
Uncertainty »on »this »and »limited »knowledge »on »the »religious »implication »on »
my »action »can »make »me »change »my »mind »of »participating »in »the »research. »
Female,Pharmacist,Urban,D18,B Enugu
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Controversies, – Impact,of,religion
• My »concern »is »that »they »may »use »the »biobank »for »something »that »will »
not »please »God, »for »example »occultism. »From »the »research, »those »
that »did »not »know »they »had »disease »will »get »to »know »it. »It »may »be »
HIV/AIDS »and »it »will »affect »them »psychologically. » I »will »feel »bad »if »
they »keep »our »specimens »without »carrying »out »research »on »them, »
because »I »believe »they »will »get »back »to »one »of »us »as »a »feedback »if »they »
carry »out »research »on »our »specimen. »If »there’s »segregation »whereby »
they »give »some »people »feedback »and »I »am »not »given »I »will »not »be »
happy.
• Male,Spokesperson,rural,C14,B FCT
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Controversies, – Impact,of,genomic,research,and,
biobanking,on,ethnicity
• Information,on,ethnicity,may
– Raise,specter,of,discrimination,and,stigmatization,against,individuals,or,
communities
– Engender,a,sense,of,pride,and,accomplishment
• The,people,of,AbaBAlamu,for,example,were,proud,of,their,
contribution,to,the,HapMap,because
– It,reflected,restored,ethnic,leadership,and,pride,in,education,and,science
– They,were,contributing,to,deBstigmatization,of,Nigerians
– They,were,contributing,to,the,health,and,prosperity,of,African,Americans
– They,were,contributing,meaningfully,to,global,advancement,in,health,and,
science
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Controversies, – Use,of,health,records
• Many,respondents,do,not,have,any,concerns,about,use,of,,
information,from,their,medical,records,because,they,believe,they,
had,nothing,to,hide.
• The,main,concern,was,the,general,issue,of,donors’,anonymity,
when,information,is,being,made,available,in,the,public,domain.,
• However,confidentiality,was,considered,a,significant,issue.,
Respondents,felt,that,if,they,are,not,confident,about,the,
procedures,in,place,to,respect,participants’,confidentiality,,they,
may,withdraw,participation.,
• Respondents,,believed,that,if,information,is,properly,encoded,or,
encrypted,it,will,not,be,accessible,to,people,unauthorized.,
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Relevant,sections,of,Nigerian,Health,Law
• In,2014,,Nigeria,enacted,a,law,whose,purpose,is,to,“provide,a,
framework,for,the,regulation,,development,and,management,
of,a,national,health,system,and,set,standards,for,rendering,
health,services,in,the,federation,,and,for,related,matters”
• In,many,parts,this,law,is,similar,to,laws,passed,in,South,Africa,,
and,Sudan,,and,possibly,other,African,countries
• This,law,established,the,National,Health,Research,Ethics,
Committee,and,contains,several,sections,that,deal,with,health,
records,and,databases
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Relevant,sections,of,Nigerian,Health,Law
• All,information,concerning,a,user,,including,information,relating,to,
his,or,her,health,status,,treatment,or,stay,in,a,health,
establishment,is,confidential
• The,person,in,charge,of,a,health,establishment who,is,in,
possession,of,a,user’s,health,records,shall,set,up,control,measures,
to,prevent,unauthorised,access,to,those,records,and,to,the,
storage,facility,in,which,,or,system,by,which,,records,are,kept.
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Relevant,sections,of,Nigerian,Health,Law
• Any,person,who—
– (a),fails,to,perform,a,duty,imposed,on,them,under,subsection,(1);
– (b),falsifies,any,record,by,adding,to,or,deleting,or,changing,any,
information,contained,in,that,record;
– (c),creates,,changes,or,destroys,a,record,without,authority,to,do,so;
– (d),fails,to,create,or,change,a,record,when,properly,required,to,do,so;
– (e),provides,false,information,with,the,intent,that,it,be,included,in,a,
record;
– (f),without,authority,,copies,any,part,of,a,record;
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Relevant,sections,of,Nigerian,Health,Law
– (g),without,authority,,connects,the,personal,identification,elements,of,a,
user’s,record,with,any,element,of,that,record,that,concerns,the,user’s,
condition,,treatment,or,history;
– (h),gains,unauthorised,access,to,a,record,or,recordBkeeping,system,,
including,intercepting,information,being,transmitted,from,one,person,,
or,one,part,of,a,recordBkeeping,system,,to,another;
– (i),without,authority,,connects,any,part,of,a,computer,or,other,
electronic,system,on,which,records,are,kept,to— (i),any,other,computer,
or,other,electronic,system;,or (ii),any,terminal,or,other,installation,
connected,to,or,forming,part,of,any,other,computer,or,other,electronic,
system;,or
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Relevant,sections,of,Nigerian,Health,Law
– without,authority,,modifies,or,impairs,the,operation,of—(i),any,part,
of,the,operating,system,of,a,computer,or,other,electronic,system,
on,which,a,user’s,records,are,kept;,or (ii),any,part,of,the,
programme,used,to,record,,store,,retrieve,or,display,information,on,
a,computer,or,other,electronic,system,on,which,a,user’s,records,are,
kept,,commits,an,offence,and,is,liable,on,conviction,to,
imprisonment,for,a,period,not,exceeding,two,years,or,to,a,fine,of,
N250,000.00,or,both,a,fine,and,such,imprisonment.
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NHREC,guidance,on,biobanks,and,materials,transfer,
agreements,B http://nhrec.net/nhrec/
• National,code,for,health,research,ethics
– SubBcodes,dealing,with,other,aspects,of,health,research
• Forms,for,registration,of,ethics,committees,and,biobanks
• Prototype,documents
• Access,to,educational,materials,and,guidance,documents
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Acknowledgement
• This,work,was,supported,by,grant,number,D43,TW007091,and,
3R25TW007091B06S2, from,the,Fogarty,International,Centre,and,
the,National,Human,Genome,Research,Institute,of,the,United,
States,National,Institutes,of,Health
• Mr,Michael,Igbe,(Attitude,to,Biobanking,in,Nigeria),,Mr.,Lawrence,
Fagbemiro,(Ethics,of,Genomics,Tests,for,NCDs,in,Nigeria),,Dr.,
Onochie,Okoye,(Future,unspecified,use,research,in,Nigeria),,Mrs.,
Banke,Adeleke
• Supported,by,staff,and,students,of,the,West,African,Bioethics,
Training,Program,Nigeria