AI and WF survey English
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Artificial Intelligence (Al) and the
Health Workforce
This survey is a part of a study done by the health division of the OECD to better understand the
possible impacts of Al on the health workforce. We are collaborating with the World Medical
Association (WMA) to distribute this survey to national medical associations in order to learn
about their perceptions, involvement and readiness for the adoption of Al in medicine.
We would like you, the president or chair or secretary General of the medical association in
your country to give your perspective by filling the survey.
We thank you for completing this questionnaire. Estimated time to complete the survey is about
20 minutes. We will appreciate if you can submit your response by 29th of September 2023.
Thank you!
* Required
Contact person
Please provide the name, affiliation and email address of the primary contact person for this ques-
tionnaire. The OECD can follow up with the identified contact person(s) if clarification is needed.
1. Full name *
_________________________
2. Country or Region in which your organization is active *
______________________
3. Role*
______________________
4. Organization *
______________________
5. E-mail address*
________________________________________________
Definition
Artificial Intelligence (Al) system: An Al system is a machine-based system that can, for a given set of
human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or vir-
tual environments. Al systems are designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy. [Source:
Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD Legal Instruments.
OECD/LEGAL/O449) 2019 (https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en nstruments/OECD-LEGAL-
0449#mainText)].
6. How much do you agree with the following statements?
Strongly Strongly
The risks of Al
in medicine do
not justify the
opportunities
The risks of Al
in medicine are
well
understood,
well
communicated,
and well
managed
Policy and
regulation
should
explicitly deal
with the
implications of
Alon the
health
workforce
Governments
are doing
enough
regarding the
impact of Al on
the health
workforce
Many current
Al projects in
my country
focus on
improving
health
workforce
productivity
disagree Disagree Neutral Agree agree
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Most current
Al projects in
my country
give enough
health
workforce risks
and challenges
I am worried
about ethical
issues that may
arise from Al
applications in
healthcare
Physicians
should require
Al applications
to be
thoroughly
evaluated,
ethically
reviewed and
formally
authorized (like
pharmaceutics)
Al projects
impacting the
medical
workforce
should be
required to
involve
physicians
from its initial
stages
More
education is
needed to
physicians to
implement and
use Al based
tools in their
clinical work
attention to
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
prepare
7. Looking forward 10 years on the future of Al in medicine:
(Select the most appropriate answer) *
Q Al will have negligible impact on healthcare
Q It will support physicians and empower them with more tools in their hands
Q It will change medicine dramatically, but physicians’ role will still be central
Q It will change medicine dramatically including the role of physicians, which will be different
Q It will replace most physicians
8. Grade the opportunities of implementing Al applications in healthcare by the
likelihood of it to happen
Al tools will
improve
quality of care
Al tools will
improve
patients’
experiences
Al tools will
improve
providers’
experiences –
reduce burden
and burnout
Al tools for
patients will
take care of
common
complaints,
thus will
reduce
physicians’
workload
Al empowering
Physicians’
Assistants
(PAs), and
Nurse
Practitioners
(NPs) will help
physicians to
work in a
higher level of
practice
Al tools will
improve
empathy of
health workers
by reducing
enabling them
to have more
time with
patients
load and
Not likely at
all
0
Not likely
0
Somewhat
likely
0
Likely
0
Very likely
0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Al tools in
healthcare are
the main
solution to 0 0 0 0 0
health
workforce
shortage
Al tools will
improve
healthcare
efficiency and
reduce costs
Al tools will
improve
healthcare
equity
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
9. Grade the risks of implementing Al in healthcare by the likelihood of it to happen
Not likely at Somewhat
all Unlikely likely Likely Very likely
Al will displace
physicians
from their
positions
Al
empowerment
may lead to
PAs and NPs
taking the
place of
physicians
Al applications
in healthcare
may increase
the burden on
physicians
The use of Al
applications
will reduce
physicians’
autonomy
The use of Al
applications
will cause
physicians to
lose their
clinical and
decision-
making skills
and eventually
will impair the
next
generation of
medical
education
The use of Al
applications
may increase
liability if they
use incorrect
Al
recommendati
ons
physicians’
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Introducing Al
into healthcare
will raise new
ethical issues
that may
complicate
physicians’
work
Introducing Al
into routine
clinical work
may impair
physicians’
earning
The use of Al
in healthcare
will impair
physicians’
status as they
will be seen as
technicians
that use smart
tools
Al tools in
healthcare
may be
expensive and
thus could
reduce
accessibility of
healthcare for
all
Targeted
medical
education
courses to
improve
physicians’
skills to use Al
tools, might
not be
accessible or
affordable to
all physicians
Many
physicians
won’t use Al
because of the
risks above
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
applications
10. If you have any more additional opportunities or risks that you may see in
implementing Al applications in healthcare or if you have any comments based
on the previous questions and statements, please write it here:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
11. What do you think should be the goals of developing Al applications in health at
the national level?
Please rank the goals by importance – the most important first and the least
important last. Move the position of the goals with the arrows on the right side. *
Develop solutions that will reform healthcare services
Improve patients’ experience
Improve quality of healthcare
Mitigate health workforce shortage
Improve healthcare efficiency and reduce costs
Reduce burden and burnout of healthcare providers
Involvement
12. Is your organization involved in adoption of Al in health:
(select the most appropriate answer) *
Q Yes, we are involved
Q No, but we are planning to be involved soon
Q No, but we are planning to be involved in the future
Q No, we don’t have plans to deal with Al in health for now
13. How is your organization (the medical association) involved in adoption of Al in
health?
Not in our Consider to Minorly Moderately Deeply
scope be involved involved involved involved
Analyzing the
possible
impacts of Al
in healthcare
and raising
them to the
government
Influencing
policy for data
access
Influencing
policy for
quality
assurance of
data
Influencing
policy for
development
of Al
applications
Influencing
regulation of
the ministry of
health (or its
equivalent) on
Al in
healthcare
Influencing
governance for
responsible Al
Improving
adoption of Al
applications
among health
providers
Improving
design of
solutions by
health
innovators
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Ensuring that
the respect of
medical ethics
is guaranteed in
the development
of AI tools
14. If your organization is involved in the domain of Al in health in other ways or you
would like to add a comment on this issue, please write it here:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
15. If your organization is involved in the domain of Al in health in any way,
please describe briefly a concrete example:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
16. As a Medical Association, what are your concerns about a wide
deployment and use of Al applications in health?
(select all appropriate answers) *
The ability of all physicians to access and use Al tools, when they are available
The impact on physicians’ earning and reimbursement
The need to increase the budget of the healthcare system to support implementations of Al tools
and their consequences
The need to improve digital literacy of physicians and to educate them to use Al tools
Establish special programmes for those who have difficulties coping with technological evolution
Adding the possible impacts of Al on physicians’ work to the collective agreement
Other:_____________________________________________________
□
0 0 0 0 0
□
□
□
□
□
□
Readiness
17. From your perspective, the current status of implementation of Al projects in your
country is:
(select the most appropriate answer, in a case that no option is suitable, please
select other and elaborate) *
Q There are currently no meaningful Al projects in use
Q There are some pilot projects in health organizations
Q There is one or more than one regional (cross organizations) pilot implementations
Q There are regional or organizational comprehensive implementations
Q There is a national implementation
Q There are some national comprehensive implementations
Q Other:_________________________________________________
18. Does the design of Al solutions in your country consider stakeholder (health
workforce) perspectives?
(select the most appropriate answer)
Q Yes
Q Partially
Q No
Q Don’t know
19. What are the main barriers to systematically and efficiently use of Al for health?
Creates Creates Creates
No problem minor moderate Major A huge
at all
Lack of
difficulties difficulties difficulties obstacle
involvement of
physicians in
initiating
projects
Barriers in
accessing
health data to
train Al
algorithms
Difficulties in
training,
testing, and
validating Al
algorithms for
use by
physicians
Difficulties in
ability to
update Al
algorithms
periodically
based on new
input data
Insufficient
scale up of
local projects
across health
facilities
Insufficient
inter-
operability in
our healthcare
system
Barriers to
authorize
healthcare Al
tools
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Insufficient
digital literacy
of decision
makers
Insufficient
digital literacy
of health
workforce
Insufficient
health and
digital literacy
of patients
and the public
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
20. Would you like to add any other barriers to use Al for health?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
21. Would you like to add anything else regarding the impact of Al on the health
workforce?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
The end
We would like to thank you for the time that you invested in answering this questionnaire.